29 Further, Nakayama and Martin explains why a religion is able to bring a
great influence. They state that it is because a religion has both personal precinct and social precinct.
One of the reasons that religion is such a powerful force is that it is often an extension of an individual’s deeply held values or worldview. However,
it is also important to remember that while religious beliefs may appear to be simply a personal matter, these beliefs quickly move from the realm of
the personal to the social. Religious differences, for example, can be an important influence in nationalist movements, as they demarcate cultural
differences and differences in beliefs, attitudes, and values. 21 Sunni and Shi’a Islam, each of them is a religion of Pasthun people and
Hazara people. The difference also becomes the reason of discrimination. Therefore, it is needed to have discussions on Sunni Islam and Shi’a Islam. The
discussions are reviewed from The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World.
a. Sunni Islam
Practiced by the majority of Muslims, Sunni Islam refers primarily to the customary practice of the prophet Muhammad. The term Sunni derives from
sunnah, which has the general meaning of “customary practice”. This practice, this sunnah, is preserved in the hadith, the tradition, which consists of the
accounts of what the Prophet said or did sometimes of his tacit approval of an action.
The tradition, in addition to the Qur’an is one of the sources of Sunni religious law. Another source is the consensus of religious scholars, al-ijma. This
concept of consensus reflects the emphasis in Sunni Islam on community and its collective wisdom, guided by the Qur’an and the sunnah. Thus, Sunni Muslims
30 have referred to themselves as ahl al-sunna wa al-jama’ah “people of the sunnah
and the community”.
b. Shi’i Islam
The term shi’ah literally means followers, party, group, associate, partisan, or supporters. Expressing these meanings, shi’ah occurs a number of times in the
Qur’an, for example, surahs 19.69, 28.15, and 37.83. Technically, the term refers to those Muslims who derive their religious code and spiritual inspiration, after
the Prophet, from Muhammad’s descendants, the ahl al-bayt. The focal point of Shiism is the source of guidance after the Prophet;
although, the Sunnis accept it from the sahabah companions of the Prophet, the Shi’is people restrict it to the members of the ahl al-bayt. Therefore, one that
distinguishes Shi’i from Sunni Islam is based on two important factors: one sociocultural and the other drawn from the Qur’anic concept of the exalted and
virtuous nature of the prophetic families.
D. Theoretical Framework
There are some theories applied in order to answer the problem formulated. The writer applies Karen Horney’s Psychoanalytic Social Theory to
describe Assef. In the light of critical approaches of this study, the writer decides to employ the Sociocultural-Historical Approach and Psychological Approach
proposed by Rohrberger and Woods. The reason of using two approaches is because the writer employs the
Psychoanalytic Social Theory of Karen Horney. Since the theory relates the
