48 was in the family. This point is the first characteristic of compound bilingualism
as shown in table 4.7. Moreover, in question number 4 in the interview sheet see Appendix 1, Roses parents claimed that Rose was able to translate or switch
languages if her interlocutor did not understand what she said. The tendency to translate is the second characteristic of compound bilingualism see table 4.7.
The point of translating is that the individual believes that the two languages she knows can support each other and it is no problem to replace a word in a language
with another word in the other language. Hence, the languages are interchangeable to each other. From the facts, it is discovered that Rose was a compound bilingual.
b. Functions of Code-mixing
Appel and Muysken 2005 state that there are some reasons for peoples mixing. They believe that it deals with the functions of switching or called code-
mixing in this study. Those functions are referential, directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic as described in chapter II.
From these six functions, there were only two functions which were identified in Rose, namely, directive
function and expressive function. Therefore, the writer will only focus on those two functions.
Appel and Muysken 2005 state that the directive function involves the hearer directly p. 119. It deals with whether the speaker wants to include or
exclude the hearer from the conversation. For example, there is a western man who meets his friends, which is a group of people speaking
Bahasa Indonesia
. Since he cannot speak
Bahasa Indonesia
, he does not understand them. However, his friends want him to join the conversation, so they change the language they
49 use and start to speak English. This is an example of the directive function to
include the hearer in the conversation. Another example is taken from Appel and Muyskens book 2005, p. 119. Many parents speak in a foreign language when
they do not want their children to know what they are talking about. This is the example of excluding the hearer from the conversation. Therefore, the directive
function of mixing can be used both to include and to exclude the hearer from the conversation, depending on the speaker.
The directive function was identified in Rose because she tried to speak
Bahasa Indonesia
to people when they did not understand what she said in English see Appendix 1
question number 4. In other words, Rose tried to include the hearer in the conversation with her, which is the feature of the directive
function. This finding is supported by the following conversation between Rose and the writer.
Rose : The soap.
The writer :
The writer misheard her
Soup? Okay, later after this. Rose
:
Rose was silent for a while before answering
Sabun. The writer : Oh, Im sorry. I thought you said soup. Okay, Ill give
you some. On the other hand, the writer also proposed the expressive function of
mixing. According to Appel and Muysken 2005, the expressive function of mixing deals with the speakers mixed identity that uses two languages in the
same discourse and the speaker considers it as a normal thing p. 119. The interesting example can be seen from Javanese people. The common language
used in Java is the national language, which is
Bahasa Indonesia
, and the vernacular which is Javanese. It is a common thing for Javanese people to have
50 both
Bahasa Indonesia
and Javanese in an utterance because those two languages exist and are used concurrently in Java. For example, it is common to hear
Javanese people say, Jangan malas-malasan,
mbok gek tangi kono,
which means Dont be lazy. Get up, please. Javanese people will not find any difficulty
understanding such an utterance because a mixed utterance of
Bahasa Indonesia
and Javanese has been common for them. Hence, the mixed language becomes their identity and are used by all Javanese people.
The expressive function of mixing was also identified in Rose although in this case, the scope was smaller. For Rose, the existence of English and
Bahasa Indonesia
was normal in her daily life in the family and at school. Moreover, some adults around her were able to speak both English and
Bahasa Indonesia
, namely, her parents and her teachers. However, Roses teachers and father often
mixed the languages when they talked to Rose. It might have caused Rose to think that mixing languages was normal because she often heard the adults around her
mix languages and she imitated them. In addition, one of her friends at school talked to her in a mixed language,
Ini
cross. She imitated and said it exactly the same then. It shows that the expressive function of mixing was found in Rose. The
findings can be simplified in the following table 4.8.
Table 4.8 Functions of Code-mixing Functions of
Code-mixing Supporting Evidence
Referential Not identified
Directive
Rose tried to speak
Bahasa Indonesia
to new people. It means that she wanted to include them in the
conversation with her.
Expressive The use of English and
Bahasa Indonesia
was a normal thing in the family, hence a mixed identity.
51
Functions of Code-mixing
Supporting Evidence Phatic
Not identified
Metalinguistic Not identified
Poetic
Not identified
Source: Language Contact and Bilingualism Rene Appel and Pieter Muysken, 2005
c. The Analysis of Roses Code-mixing Reasons
