C. Research Instruments
The instruments of this research were observation and interview.
1. Observation
According to Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh 2002:430, observation is the most basic method for obtaining data in qualitative research. The observation was
conducted in three ways. The first observation was conducted in class where the students were attending English language lessons. The researcher was non-
participant. She did not make any interaction with the students in the class. The purpose of this observation was to know how the students learned the English
language in class and to know how the teacher delivered the learning materials to the students.
The second observation was done in the articulation class where the students learned how to pronounce Indonesian words. In this observation, the researcher paid
attention to how the teacher gave the treatment to the students. As in the first observation, the researcher did not take part in the teaching-learning activities.
Through this observation, the researcher expected to get more knowledge on how to deal with hearing-speech defective students and give possible solutions or speech
training to the students. The third observation was also conducted in the articulation class, where the
researcher directly took part in the teaching-learning process. In this observation the researcher focused to observe student’s competence in pronouncing English words
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
and gave necessary corrections when they made errors. Through this observation, the researcher achieved detailed information that the researcher needed because she saw
directly the conditions of the students’ in terms of pronunciation. The activities were recorded with a audio-visual recorder. Later, the researcher transcribed the students’
utterances in phonetic symbols. Thus, there are two documents of the students’ pronunciation, namely audio-visual and written records.
2. Interviews
Besides observations, the researcher also conducted interviews. According Ary, Jacobs and Razavieh 2002:434, “the interview is one of the most widely used
methods for obtaining qualitative data”. Interviews provide information that cannot be obtained through observation, or they can be used to verify the observation. There
are three types of interview which can be differentiated by their degree of explicitness and structure. They are open, semi-open and semi-structured.
The researcher used open interviews to some teachers in SLBN 3 Yogyakarta and the parents of the research participants. They were asked about the students’
competence in learning the English language in class and their backgrounds including physical conditions and education backgrounds. Furthermore, the interviews were
conducted to obtain the information about the conditions of the hearing-speech defective students and everything that had any relations with hearing-speech defects.
Sattler 1992:429 points out that interviews with parents are designed to elicit information about their concerns regarding the child; the child’s problems and how
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
they dealt with the problems in the past, the child’s medical, developmental, educational, social history, the family history, and the parents’ expectations for
treatment and remediation. The interviews were often similar to conversations between friends or
relatives rather than formal interviews. The interviewees were given freedom to answer the questions and to give explanations. The researcher made the condition of
the interview like sharing session. Several times the interviews were conditioned to be friendly and relaxing, especially with the parents, where they could also share their
feelings and experience with their children.
D. Data Gathering Techniques
Kategori