c. Gliding Vowels or Diphthongs
Diphthongs can be defined as some vowels that are represented as sequences of vowel symbols because the tongue andor lips move from one position to another
Fromkin, 2000:509. According to Indriani 2005:13, there are 9 diphthongs, namely:
Table 2.3. English diphthong sounds a
ɪ e
ɪ ɔɪ
ɪə ʊə
e ə
ɔə a
ʊ ə
ʊ
4. A Brief Overview of Hearing-Speech Defect
a. The Nature of Sound
Hearing is one important means for human beings to receive information. Although people are still able to learn through the senses of sight, smell, touch,
taste, etc., the sense of hearing facilitates and enhances the learning process. Most children learn through their hearing from a very early age. Heward 1980:
177 states: “A newborn infant typically responds to sounds by startling or blinking. At a
few weeks of age, the infant listens to quiet sounds, recognizes his mother’s voice, and begins to enjoy hearing his own vocalizations. During the first
year of live, the normal infant learns to recognize sounds. He can
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discriminate meaningful sounds from background noise, perceive loud and quiet sounds, and localize and imitate sounds.”
Heward 1980: 177 adds that as the hearing child grows, he develops language by constantly hearing language used around him and by associating
these sounds with innumerable activities and events. He learns that people convey information, and exchange their thoughts and feelings, by speaking and
hearing. The process of language acquisition appears to occur naturally and spontaneously in the hearing child.
The hearing defective child, however, is not able to participate in this process without special help. He misses many early and critical opportunities for
developing language and awareness of the world around him. Hallahan and Kaufman 1978:243 explain that the child who is deaf from birth or is deafened
before he has learned to speak is severely defected when it comes to the task of learning oral language. Because he cannot hear, he will have great difficulty in
all areas of speech and language. He will have a voice with strange pitch, quality, and intensity. He will speak with an abnormal rhythm, and he will make
misarticulation. Johnson 1967: 120 argues that a child whose hearing sensivity is definitely defected may be expected to exhibit misarticulations as one of the
consequences of his auditory defect.
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b. Causes of Hearing Defect
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