Theory of Symbol Review of the Related Theories

vii. Direct Comment The author uses a direct comment to describe the characters. He or she seems to judge them, directly, whether they are good or bad, beautiful or ugly and the like. viii. Thoughts The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. So that they can get knowledge of the personality of the character when they read the description of what he or she is thinking about. ix. Mannerism The author describes a character’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may tell the readers something about the character. b Theory of Personality The word “personality” originated from the Latin “persona”, which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman Actors in Greek dramas Hill, 2006. According to Allport 1937, personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment. Hill 2006 argues that personality is both physical and psychological; it includes both overt behaviors and covert thoughts; it not only is something, but does it something. While Davidoff 1987 states that personality is a summary construct that includes thought, motives, emotions, interests, attitudes, abilities and the like. The writer uses the theory of personality because in this study the theory is needed to know the meaning of the main character’s personality development. According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements. They are the id, the ego, and the superego. The three elements which are composed by Sigmund Freud work together to create complex human behaviors. i. The Id The id is a component of personality which naturally comes from birth. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. For example, when a baby is hungry, she will cry. She will stop crying if the demand of the id is met, which is drinking the milk. ii. The Ego According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. Ego is not the whole personality, but must be completed by the more comprehensive self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious Hill, 2005. In psychologically healthy person, the ego takes a secondary position to the unconscious Jung, 1959a