Theory of Psychology Review of the Related Theories

does it something. While Davidoff 1987 states that personality is a summary construct that includes thought, motives, emotions, interests, attitudes, abilities and the like. The writer uses the theory of personality because in this study the theory is needed to know the meaning of the main character’s personality development. According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements. They are the id, the ego, and the superego. The three elements which are composed by Sigmund Freud work together to create complex human behaviors. i. The Id The id is a component of personality which naturally comes from birth. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. For example, when a baby is hungry, she will cry. She will stop crying if the demand of the id is met, which is drinking the milk. ii. The Ego According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. Ego is not the whole personality, but must be completed by the more comprehensive self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious Hill, 2005. In psychologically healthy person, the ego takes a secondary position to the unconscious Jung, 1959a iii. The Superego The superego is the last component of personality to be developed. According to Kendra Cherry, the superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society-our sense of right and wrong. Freud 1964 also divides levels of mental of life into the unconscious and the conscious. While the unconscious has two different levels, which are the unconscious proper and the preconscious. In Freudian psychology, the three levels of mental life are used to designate both a process and a location. i. Unconscious Freud states that unconscious contain all those drives, urges, or instinct that are beyond people’s awareness, but motivate most of our feeling, words, and actions. While Adler 1956 defined the unconscious as the part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood by the individual. Adler then states that if we understand the tendency of consciousness, the tendency has already become conscious. ii. Preconscious The preconscious level of the mind contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either readily or with some difficulties Freud, 1964 iii. Conscious Consciousness, which plays a relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory, can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time. According to Freud 1964, what we perceive through our sense organ, if not too threatening, enters into consciousness. Adler 1964 argues that the consciousness life becomes unconscious as soon as we fall to understand it. Levitan and LaBerge 1991 say that the human consciousness separating from the human body and travelling in a discorporate form of physical world. The writer uses Freud’s level of mental of life to support the analysis of the meaning of mortality in Guns N’ Roses’ trilogy “Don’t Cry”, “November Rain”, and “Estranged”. c Theory of Motivation Motivation is an important determinant of individual’s performance. However, as Maslow 1943 states that motivation is not the only determinant; other variables such as effort expended, ability, and previous experience also influence performance. Beck 1978 states that motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior p.58. it indicates that motiva tion deals with the “way” of someone’s behavior. Coleman 1960 mentions that there are some theories used to support the analysis of the main character’s way of thinking p.114-116. The first is Primary and the Secondary Drives. It states that every species has some basic psychological drives of an inborn. The second is Motives as Tension-Reducing Devices. Most of human biological functioning follows the pattern of searching a way to relieve unpleasant tension that is caused by the need. Therefore, the brain will produce the tension for everything needed by the body. The tension will cause a depressed feeling by the body. That is why human have to reduce the feeling by finding the way out. Maslow 1970 with his theory of motivation identifies different stages and forms of motives which will motivate people in different stages of their lives. The theory also provides the relationship between the needs of people. Maslow presents the stages of need in the form of hierarchy. The direction of the need is upward. When the lower need has been fulfilled, people will fulfill the higher need. The lowest need in the hierarchy shows the most basic need of human. Fig.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 1970 http:www.businessballs.commaslowhierarchyofneeds5.pdf retrieved March 13, 2016 According to Maslow 1970, the first need is physiological need. The physiological need includes food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. When people do not have their physiological needs satisfied, they life for those needs and strive constantly to satisfy them Feist Feist, 2006, p.279. The second need is safety needs. The safety needs include protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. The needs for law, order, and structure are also safety needs Maslow, 1970. The third need is belongingness and love needs, for example the desire for friendship, the wish for mate and children; the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation Feist Feist, 2006, p.280. Love and belongings also include some aspects of sex and human contact as well as the need to both give and receive love Maslow, 1970. The fourth need is esteem need, for example self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in esteem Feist Feist, 2006. While the fifth need is self-actualization needs, for example self- fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word Maslow, 1970. From the theories we can draw a conclusion that are different theories of motivation. The first theory says that motivation is emerged from thoughts, feeling, and behavior. The other theory says that motivation is a result of physical and psychological needs.

C. Theoretical Framework

The theories that are used in this study are theory of literature, theory of motivation, and theory of psychology. Theory of literature consists of three parts. They are: the theory of character, theory of characterization, and the theory of literary approaches. These theories are important to be applied because these theories are related to the main discussion of this study. The approach used in this study is psychological approach. The researcher chooses psychological approach because motivation is part of psychological theory. The researcher believes that this approach and the theory of motivation can help the researcher in understanding the analysis of the problems about motivation. They are used to reveal the motivation of Axl in writing the trilogy “Don’t Cry”, “November Rain”, and “Estranged”.

D. Context of The Study

“Don’t Cry” is a song about a man who is cheating on his lady. He is telling her not to feel sad since now he has found out that she really cares with him, although he had cheated on her at first. This can be seen from the title itself, and from both the original and alternate version lyrics which contain many expressions of persuasion from Axl toward Stephanie. You can just take a look at its alternate lyrics to find other facts that may strengthen your opinion to believe that this song is a trilogy of a certain life aspect that happened in a Rock n’ Roll and Punk Rock environment at that time, e specially the life reality in Rock n’ Roll or Punk Rock environment at that time, where true “love” is almost impossible to find, because men and women in these scenes tend to be “adventurous” and go around with different whores. “November Rain” is a song about love, pain and fear. The phrase November Rain is used throughout the song symbolizing a period of depression from a flawed relationship. The image of a cold rainy November day is a perfect parallel to depict these feelings. “Nothing lasts forever l.41, even cold November rain l.42 .” That line leads up to the thought that Axl believes that love will prevail in the end. Axl ends the first act of the song with this optimistic mindset that bad times are not everlasting and they both will pass through them. “Estranged” is a song about the most difficult time after Axl loses Stephanie Seymour. This song is the deepest and most personal song that Axl has written. This song is mainly about loneliness and despair caused by the irreparable loss of the person he was strongly attached to. A fact that may strengthen the statement above is at the beginning of the video where you can see an empty house and Axl was in child ren’s bedroom. He is in the place that holds most of his good memories. It ’s like he is trying to get back to his happy situation, trying to go back to the times when everything was perfect, but at the same time he understands deep inside that he has lost the most important thing in his life at that time and it can’t be returned. He is totally lonely and in despair now. 31

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology, which was employed for the study. This chapter consists of three parts: Subject of the Study, Approach of the Study and Method of the Study. The Subject of the Study focuses on the analysis of the trilogy and its physical description. The Approach of the Study focuses on the way or the approach in analyzing the problem formulation and it concerns the reason why the researcher uses that approach. The researcher also discusses about the Method of the Study. It talks about the steps taken in analyzing the problem formulation of the study.

A. Object of the Study

“Don’t Cry”, “November Rain”, and “Estranged” are very popular songs, written by Guns N Roses. Not many people know that they are actually trilogy songs. Since the trilogy has been debated for so long time in Guns N’ Roses-die hard-fans circle, the researcher is interested to pick it as the topic of the study.

B. Approach of the Study

The study is focused on the meaning of mortality in Guns N’ Roses’ trilogy songs “Don’t Cry”, “November Rain”, and “Estranged”. Therefore, the researcher uses psychological approach. Psychological approach reveals the behavior, thoughts, feeling, and experience of the main character. Thus, this approach is relevant to be used in the study to analyze the psychological condition, such as the character’s thoughts, motivation, love, and personality, as seen in Guns N’ Roses’ trilogy “Don’t Cry”, “November Rain”, and “Estranged”.

C. Method of the Study

This research was conducted as the library study. The researcher uses the trilogy “Don’t Cry”, “November Rain”, and “Estranged” as the primary source of the study. It was not a research based on the observation on the field. The researcher also used thesis and other books related to human motivation and behavior as the secondary sources to support the study. There were some steps as the procedure in conducting the research. First of all, the researcher read and observes the main source of the study, “Don’t Cry”, “November Rain”, and “Estranged” lyrics. Then, the researcher tried to understand and comprehend the song. It was aimed to get a comprehensible understanding of the song. The researcher concentrates more on the main character, Axl. The next step was making the analysis by finding the character and motivation of the chosen character. Moreover, the researcher tried to find the motivation in writing the trilogy of the chosen character based on his needs. The third step was the researcher tried to find supporting data which could support the researcher’s finding. Besides using data from the books in the library, the study also using articles from the Internet, especially for the articles or data which could not be found in the library, for example, a journal. After finding the data, the researcher would compile it and used it as the supporting material toward the researcher finding and opinion. Based on the main idea, this study uses psychological approach. After finding the main data and the supporting source, the researcher tried to discuss the song and analyze his finding. In analyzing the song, the researcher used the approach and theories to answer the problems. The last step was drawing the conclusion from the result of the analysis.