A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS ON SENTENCE PATTERNS IN THE ROCK SONGS“ESTRANGED” AND “STREET OF DREAMS” BY GUNS N’ ROSES

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter introduces background of the research, statement of the problems, purposes of the research, significance of the research, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.

1.1 Background of the Research

In broad terms, linguistics can be defined as the research of human language. It is about how language works: how it is employed, how it is structured, how it is formed, how it interacts human to communicate with one another, how it is decoded by its users. The use of language reflects the nature and character of people. Everyone is ease to employ the wording or diction which has specific meanings so that the intent of the language use conveyed to others. Language is a symbol of self-expression to convey ideas, concepts and feelings in a human society for communication. Nowadays, global ages affect languages to convey more information. The language can be in the form of spoken and written. The spoken language is performed directly along interactions such as speech, conversation, phone, and so on. While, the written language is the printed information found in document including letters, novels, cards, books, and the rest of it. Currently, the most widely used to express ideas and feelings are song lyrics. Song lyrics certainly contain a number of sentences. “Sentence is a string of words that begins in a capital letter and ends in a full stop, and is typically used to express a state of a_ffairs in the world” (Aarts, 2001: 3).

Whether spoken or written, languages have a set of rules that combines words into larger units known as grammar. “A grammar is the set of rules that allow us to combine words in our language into larger units” (Greenbaum and Nelson, 2002: 1). A grammar can be explained as a set of devices that is made available for the formation of sentences. It is traditionally divided into two different but inter-related areas of research: morphology and syntax. Morphology reviews the research of how words are formed out of smaller units. The smaller unit of morphology is morphemes, while the larger one is words. The term “syntax” comes originally from Ancient Greek sýntaxis and literally means “arrangement” or “setting out together”. “Syntax is the way words combine to form phrases and clauses” (Payne, 2011: 46). Humans need to communicate more than just using single words and gestures. By means of syntax, humans enable to compose complex messages which can combine component words such as phrases and sentences to be overall structured. One of the principal concerns of syntax is the order of words. In English, the words cannot be stringed into a sentence randomly. There will be a range of structures with different groups of words that form the structure. “Syntax means ‘sentence formation’: how words group together to make phrases and sentences” (Tallerman, 2011: 1). In addition, “syntax is the study of phrase and sentence structures” (Kroeger, 2005: xi). The syntax of any language provides speakers with an important structural dimension that allows them to communicate meaning. To indicate as a final judgment, syntax constitutes the combination of words by putting together to form a well-formed sentences or larger structures based on grammatical rules. The significance of

syntax in analyzing the sentence patterns emphasize to comprehend the logic of English sentences and lead to a better understanding of function and usage such as how words are grammatically linked and how words are built together to form larger units hierarchically. “A tree diagram is a unit with a group of lines that grow down or up based on the hierarchical organization in the underlying structure of phrases and sentences” (Carnie, 2006: 63).

Music becomes very popular nowadays and affects human passions such as gentleness, anger, courage, temperance, and opposites and other quality. When people listen to the music that imitates a certain passion, they become imbued with the same passion. If over a long time they habitually listen to the kind of music that arouses ignoble passions, his whole character will be shaped to an ignoble form. In the long and the short of it, if people listen to the wrong kind of persons, they will become the wrong kind of persons. Rock songs are considered as one of the best music that has big interests in the world, particularly in the society of young people. The lyrics of rock songs often address provocative subjects such as sexuality, violence and politic and social issues. Those make a lot of people like rock songs because those songs can express their emotion. One of the noted rock bands is Guns N’ Roses.Guns N’ Roses is generally considered as an American hard rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, U.S. in 1985. This band consists of Axl Rose (vocalist), Dizzy Reed and Chris Pitman (keyboardist), DJ Ashba and Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal (lead guitarists), Richard Fortus (rhythm guitarist), Tommy Stinson (bassist), and Frank Ferrer (drummer). Guns N' Roses sold an estimated 100 million albums worldwide. This band won

four American Music Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, and two World Music Awards. The researcher is curiously interested to choose Guns N’ Roses’ songs because those songs are exceedingly famous, and spreading everywhere.

Previous related studies on the syntactic analysis about sentences have been carried out by a number of researchers. A research was conducted by Rachmawati (2003) under the title on Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in David Foster’s Songs. From the result of analysis, she found nineteen sentence patterns. The nineteen sentence patterns are presented as follows: 1) S consists of NP +VP, 2) S consists of Conj + NP + VP, 3) S consists of ADV P + NP VP, 4) S consists of Conj + ADV P + VP, 5) S consists of ADV P + VP, 6) VP consists of AUX + Vt + NP, 7) VP consists of AUX + Vt + ADV P + NP, 8) S consists of Conj1 + Conj2 + NP + VP, 9) PP consists of PREP + NP + ADV P, 10) S consists of ADV P + NP, 11) PP consists of ADV P + PREP + NP, 12) VP consists of AUX + Vi + Vt + NP, 13) VP consists of AUX + BE + PRED, 14) S consists of Conj + ADV P + VP + NP + VP, 15) VP consists of AUX + Vt + NP + PP + ADV P, 16) S consists of Conj + PP + S, 17) S consists of Conj + VP + NP, 18) NP consists of PRON + PP, and 19) VP consists of AUX + Vt + NP + Conj + VP.

Moreover, Lutfiani (2006) in her thesis entitled A Syntactic Analysis on Kelly Clarkson’s Songs by Using Tree Diagram. In her analysis, she explained about the lyrics of Kelly Clarkson’s songs. From the result of analysis, she found eleven sentence patterns of Kelly Clarkson’s songs. The eleven sentence patterns are presented as follows: 1) S consists of NP + VP, 2) S consists of Conj + NP + VP, 3) S consists of VP, 4) S consists of Conj + ADV P + NP + VP, 5) S consists

of ADV P + NP + VP, 6) S consists of PP + NP + VP, 7) S consists of S1 + Conj + S2, 8) S consists of NP1 + NP2 + VP, 9) S consists of ADJ P + PP + NP + VP, 10) S consists of VP1 + Conj + VP2, and 11) S consists of ADJ P + Conj + VP.

In addition, a research belongs to Purwata (2008) under the title on A Syntactical Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in Westlife’s Song Lyrics. The researcher used the theory of transformational grammar using the tree diagram suggested by Bornstein (1977). The researcher found that there were seventeen forms of sentence pattern in the two selected songs: 1) S consist of NP + VP 2) S consist of THAT + NP + VP, 3) S consist of CONJ + NP + VP, 4) S consist of ADV P + NP + VP, 5) AUX consist of TENSE (PRES) + M (WILL) + NOT, 6) AUX consist of TENSE (PRES) + HAVE TO, 7) AUX consist of TENSE (PRES) + HAVE + BEEN, 8) AUX consist of TENSE (PAST) + M (SHOULD) + HAVE, 9) AUX consist of TENSE (PAST) M (WOULD) + NOT, 10) VP consist of AUX + BE + PRED, 11) VP consist of AUX + BE + NOT + PRED, 12) VP consist of ADV + VT + NP, 13) VP consist of AUX + BE + NP, 14) VP consist of AUX + Vi + NP, 15) VP consist of AUX + Vt + ADV P, 16) VP consist of AUX + Vt + PP, and 17) VP consist of AUX + Vt + NP.

Considering a variety of issues addressed in the topic, the researcher has an interest to analyze sentence structures in the rock songs completely. This research is awfully distinct with the previous studies which analyze the same field.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The researcher found a problem that can be appointed as the topic of interest for further investigation.

1. What are the sentence patterns in the rock songs “Estranged” and “Street of Dreams” by Guns N’ Roses?

1.3 Purpose of the Research

The researcher conducted the research in order to achieve the following objective:

1. To describe the sentence patterns in the rock songs “Estranged” and “Street of Dreams” by Guns N’ Roses.

1.4 Significance of the Research

The researcher certainly expects that this research provide benefits for those who read it. Although this research has a lot of similar studies that discuss sentence structures using tree diagrams, but the researcher is fairly optimistic that this research presents something novel in the Syntax field. Firstly, this research provides the distinct way of identifying and analyzing in the tree diagram such as the structure ofto infinitive. Secondly, this research supplies to break down and to label the parts of sentence. Once the readers identify and practice the sentence patterns, they can diagnose the grammar and usage errors in the sentences effectively. They begin understanding the logical English sentences especially for the purpose of writing. Furthermore, the researcher has big expectations that this research can be useful as elaborated in the followings:

1. As the worth contributions to the research of Syntax that can be useful both as a reference for the following studies and as a means of understanding further sentence patterns and formations.

2. As a trigger to encourage further studies in the Syntax field particularly relate to songs using tree diagrams.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The researcher concentrates this research to analyze the sentence patterns found in the rock songs “Estranged” and “Street of Dreams” by Guns N’ Roses. In analyzing these structures, the researcher employs a method that is a tree diagram proposed byRoberts. In addition, the researcher narrowly restricts this research in the Guns N’ Roses’ songs from album Appetite for Democracy 3D: “Estranged“ and “Street of Dreams”.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

1. Syntactic analysis : A process of analyzing phrases and sentences (in spoken or written language) by conforming to the grammatical rules (Sag et, al, 2003).

2. Sentence patterns : A linguistic unit of one or more words that are grammatically linked (Fabb, 2005).

3. Song : A number of verses that is generally performed with the accompaniment of musical devices (Harmer,2001).

4. Guns N’ Roses : An American hard rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, U.S, in March 1985 (Simon and Schuster, 2001).

A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS ON SENTENCE PATTERNS IN THE

ROCK SONGS“ESTRANGED” AND “STREET OF DREAMS”

BY

GUNS N’ ROSES

THESIS

Compiled by:

Dia Nur Aida

201110100311310

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TRAINING TEACHING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS ON SENTENCE PATTERNS INTHE

ROCK SONGS

“ESTRANGED” AND “STREET OF DREAMS”

BY

GUNS N’ ROSES

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements to achieve

Sarjana Degree in English Education

Compiled by:

Dia Nur Aida

201110100311310

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TRAINING TEACHING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

This thesis written by Dia Nur Aida was approved on November 12, 2015

by:

Advisor II, Advisor I,

This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang

and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education

on November 12, 2015

Approved by:

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Examiners:

1. Rinjani Bonavidi, S.Pd., M.Ed., Ph.D. 2. Riski Lestiono, S.Pd., M.A.

3. Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si. 4. Drs. Soeparto, M.Pd.

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION

The undersigned:

Name : Dia Nur Aida

Student ID Number : 201110100311310 Program of Study : English Department

Faculty : Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

I acclaim that the work presented in this thesis was accomplished by myself and do not incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge this thesis does not include any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in text.

Malang, November 12, 2015

Dedicated with love to

my dear parents, Nursiono and Yuliani,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise be to Allah who has given blessing and mercies so that the researcher is able to finish this thesis. Shalawat and salam may be granted to our noble prophet Muhammad SAW herewith family, friends, and followers who has brought Islam until this present. As an ordinary human who has the weakness, the writer realize that the thesis by the title “A Syntactic Analysis on Sentence Patterns in the Rock Songs “Estranged” and “Street of Dreams” by Guns N’ Roses“ cannot be finished without support, guidance, and help from the other people. For that, by the honor of this, the writer wants to say thank you very much to the honorable:

1. Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si. and Drs. Soeparto, M.Pd. who have been very helpful, warmhearted, and patient in giving advises, ideas, and valuable time during the process of this thesis writing.

2. The researcher’s beloved parents Mr. Nursiono and Mrs. Yuliani and the researcher’s sister Ms. Nurma Yunita who always support me with du’a and material to finish this thesis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION ... iv

DEDICATION... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS... viii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Research ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 6

1.3 Purpose of the Research ... 6

1.4 Significance of the Research... 6

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 7

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms ... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE... 9

2.1 Syntax ... 9

2.2.1 Word Classes ... 10

2.2.1.1 Nouns... 10

2.2.1.2 Verbs... 12

2.2.1.3 Adjectives ... 15

2.2.1.4 Adverbs... 17

2.2.2 Phrases ... 18

2.2.2.1 Noun Phrases ... 19

2.2.2.2 Verb Phrases ... 22

2.2.2.3 Adjective Phrases ... 25

2.2.2.4 Adverb Phrases ... 27

2.2.2.5 Prepositional Phrases... 27

2.3 Sentences... 28

2.3.1 Sentence Patterns ... 28

2.4 Tree Diagrams... 29

2.4.1 Auxiliary and Tense... 30

2.4.2 Transformations... 31

2.4.2.1Inversion in Yes-no questions... 31

2.4.2.2Wh movement... 32

2.5 Song... 33

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY... 34

3.1 Research Design... 34

3.3 Research Instrument... 35

3.3.1 Researcher Herself ... 35

3.3.2 Document ... 36

3.3.3 Classifications of Documents ... 37

3.4 Data Collection ... 38

3.5 Data Analysis ... 39

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 42

4.1 Findings ... 42

4.1.1 TheSentence Patterns in the Rock Songs by Guns N’ Roses... 42

4.1.1.1 Subject + Intransitive Verb (S + VI) ... 43

4.1.1.2 Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object (S + VT + DO) 46 4.1.1.3 Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement (S + VT + DO + OC) ... 48

4.1.1.4 Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement (S+VL+SC)49 4.2 Discussion ... 53

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 57

5.1 Conclusion ... 57

5.2 Suggestion ... 58 REFERENCES

REFERENCES

Aarts. 2001.English Syntax and Argumentation (Second Edition).New York: Palgrave.

Altenberg and Vago. 2010.English Grammar Understanding the Basics. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Ary et. al. 2010.Introduction to Research in Education (Eighth Edition). Belmont: Wadsworth.

Bennet. 2009.Music Genre Recognition. Hagenberg.

Brinton and Brinton. 2010.The Linguistic Structure of Modern English (Revised Edition).Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Carnie. 2006.Syntax (Second Edition).UK: Blackwell Publishing. Choy and Clark. 2011.Basic Grammar & Usage (Eight Edition).

Belmont: Wadsworth.

Creswell. 2012.Educational Research (Fourth Edition).Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Fabb. 2005.Sentence Structure (Second Edition).New York: Routledge. Fromkin et. al. 2003.An Introduction to Language (Seventh Edition).

Belmont: Wadsworth.

Gelderen. 2010.An Introduction to the Grammar of English (Revised Edition).Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Greenbaum and Nelson. 2002.An Introduction to English Grammar (Second Edition).Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited. Grenough. 2001.Automatic Music Genre Classification.Taiwan: National

Taiwan University.

Harmer. 2001. Rhyme and Style Features for Musical Genre

Kirszner and Mandell. 2010.The Pocket Wadsworth Handbook (Fifth Edition).New York: Longman.

Kroeger.2005.Analyzing Grammar.UK: Cambridge University Press. Lutfiani. 2006.A Syntactic Analysis on Kelly Clarkson s Songs by Using

Tree Diagram. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Miller. 2002.An Introduction to English Syntax.Great Britain: Edinburgh University Press.

Mitra. 2012.A Syntactic Analysis on Maher Zein’s Songs by Using Tree Diagram. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Morley. 2000.Syntax in Functional Grammar.London: Continuum. O’Grady. M. et. Al. 2005.Contemporary Linguistics (Fifth Edition).New

York: Longman.

Payne. 2011.Understanding English Grammar. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Purwata. 2008.A Syntactical Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in Westlife’sSong Lyrics. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Rachmawati. 2003.Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in David Foster s Songs. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Radford. 2009.An Introduction to English Sentence Structure.UK: Cambridge University Press.

Roberts. 2011.Analysing Sentence (Third Edition).Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.

Sag et. al. 2003.Syntactic Theory.UK: Blackwell Publishing.

Sargeant. 2007.Basic English Grammar for English Language Learners. United States: Saddleback Educational Publishing.

Sholikhah. 2010.A Syntactical Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in Adele’s Song Lyrics. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Simon and Schuster. 2001.Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll.New York: RollingStone.

Sumitri. 2009.A Syntactical Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in K-Pop Song Lyrics. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Tallerman. 2011.Understanding Syntax (Third Edition).UK: Hodder Education.

Valin. 2004.An Introduction to Syntax. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Yule. 2010.The Study of Language (Fourth Edition). UK: Cambridge University Press.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION ... iv

DEDICATION... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS... viii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Research ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 6

1.3 Purpose of the Research ... 6

1.4 Significance of the Research... 6

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 7

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms ... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE... 9

2.1 Syntax ... 9

2.2.1 Word Classes ... 10

2.2.1.1 Nouns... 10

2.2.1.2 Verbs... 12

2.2.1.3 Adjectives ... 15

2.2.1.4 Adverbs... 17

2.2.2 Phrases ... 18

2.2.2.1 Noun Phrases ... 19

2.2.2.2 Verb Phrases ... 22

2.2.2.3 Adjective Phrases ... 25

2.2.2.4 Adverb Phrases ... 27

2.2.2.5 Prepositional Phrases... 27

2.3 Sentences... 28

2.3.1 Sentence Patterns ... 28

2.4 Tree Diagrams... 29

2.4.1 Auxiliary and Tense... 30

2.4.2 Transformations... 31

2.4.2.1Inversion in Yes-no questions... 31

2.4.2.2Wh movement... 32

2.5 Song... 33

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY... 34

ix

3.3 Research Instrument... 35

3.3.1 Researcher Herself ... 35

3.3.2 Document ... 36

3.3.3 Classifications of Documents ... 37

3.4 Data Collection ... 38

3.5 Data Analysis ... 39

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 42

4.1 Findings ... 42

4.1.1 TheSentence Patterns in the Rock Songs by Guns N’ Roses... 42

4.1.1.1 Subject + Intransitive Verb (S + VI) ... 43

4.1.1.2 Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object (S + VT + DO) 46 4.1.1.3 Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement (S + VT + DO + OC) ... 48

4.1.1.4 Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement (S+VL+SC)49 4.2 Discussion ... 53

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 57

5.1 Conclusion ... 57

5.2 Suggestion ... 58 REFERENCES

REFERENCES

Aarts. 2001.English Syntax and Argumentation (Second Edition).New York: Palgrave.

Altenberg and Vago. 2010.English Grammar Understanding the Basics. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Ary et. al. 2010.Introduction to Research in Education (Eighth Edition). Belmont: Wadsworth.

Bennet. 2009.Music Genre Recognition. Hagenberg.

Brinton and Brinton. 2010.The Linguistic Structure of Modern English (Revised Edition).Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Carnie. 2006.Syntax (Second Edition).UK: Blackwell Publishing. Choy and Clark. 2011.Basic Grammar & Usage (Eight Edition).

Belmont: Wadsworth.

Creswell. 2012.Educational Research (Fourth Edition).Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Fabb. 2005.Sentence Structure (Second Edition).New York: Routledge. Fromkin et. al. 2003.An Introduction to Language (Seventh Edition).

Belmont: Wadsworth.

Gelderen. 2010.An Introduction to the Grammar of English (Revised Edition).Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Greenbaum and Nelson. 2002.An Introduction to English Grammar (Second Edition).Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited. Grenough. 2001.Automatic Music Genre Classification.Taiwan: National

Taiwan University.

xi

Kirszner and Mandell. 2010.The Pocket Wadsworth Handbook (Fifth Edition).New York: Longman.

Kroeger.2005.Analyzing Grammar.UK: Cambridge University Press. Lutfiani. 2006.A Syntactic Analysis on Kelly Clarkson s Songs by Using

Tree Diagram. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Miller. 2002.An Introduction to English Syntax.Great Britain: Edinburgh University Press.

Mitra. 2012.A Syntactic Analysis on Maher Zein’s Songs by Using Tree Diagram. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Morley. 2000.Syntax in Functional Grammar.London: Continuum. O’Grady. M. et. Al. 2005.Contemporary Linguistics (Fifth Edition).New

York: Longman.

Payne. 2011.Understanding English Grammar. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Purwata. 2008.A Syntactical Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in Westlife’sSong Lyrics. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Rachmawati. 2003.Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in David Foster s Songs. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Radford. 2009.An Introduction to English Sentence Structure.UK: Cambridge University Press.

Roberts. 2011.Analysing Sentence (Third Edition).Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.

Sag et. al. 2003.Syntactic Theory.UK: Blackwell Publishing.

Sargeant. 2007.Basic English Grammar for English Language Learners. United States: Saddleback Educational Publishing.

Sholikhah. 2010.A Syntactical Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in Adele’s Song Lyrics. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Simon and Schuster. 2001.Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll.New York: RollingStone.

Sumitri. 2009.A Syntactical Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in K-Pop Song Lyrics. Unpublished Thesis: UIN.

Tallerman. 2011.Understanding Syntax (Third Edition).UK: Hodder Education.

Valin. 2004.An Introduction to Syntax. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Yule. 2010.The Study of Language (Fourth Edition). UK: Cambridge University Press.