The Analysis Of Verbal And Behavioral Processes In The Cover Story Of Tempo

THE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES IN

THE COVER STORY OF

TEMPO

A THESIS

BY:

FEBRI YULITA PANJAITAN

REG.NO. 040705005

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Glory and praise to the God and my savior, Jesus Christ for his endless love, comforts, and guidance in my love. I praise God for His goodness, help, strength, and counsel that I can finish this thesis.

This thesis is written and submitted to the Department of English Literature, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara as the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of “Sarjana Sastra” in English Linguistics/Literature. I realized that this thesis will never be complete without assistance, guidance, support, and encouragement from the people around me.

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara, Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.D., to the Chairman and the Secretary of Department of English Literature, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed, TESOL for giving all the facilities and opportunities in completing this thesis. Next, I would like to express my thankfulness to Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A, as my supervisor, and Drs. M. Syafi’ie Siregar,M.A, as my co-supervisor, for their willingness to share their time to correct and supervise this thesis. Great thanks are also expressed to Prof Bahren Umar Siregar.Ph.D my academic adviser, for giving me invaluable advice and support during my academic year.

I also would like to express my thanks to all the lectures of Department of English Literature for giving me a great help and contribution of knowledge that I can improve my intellectuality during my academic years.

Thanks are also expressed to “Bang Samsul” staff of Department of English Literature for helping me in academic and administrative matters.

My special and sincere thanks are due to my beloved parents: Samson Panjaitan and Salimah Sinaga, and my beloved sister: Sondang and her family, and also my brothers: Donal and Surung who have given me great support in finishing my study and particularly for their endless love and care to me.

My great thanks also go to Noni and Nona (sikembar), Iful, Charlie’s Angel (Ika. Elma, Wita), Rudy, Vika, Ninta, Putri, Keni, Zika, Lili, Nova, Sri , Veni and all my 04’ friends who have helped me during my academic years, thanks for the nice friendship.

Finally, I realize that this thesis is still far from being perfect because of my knowledge and limited time. Any comments, suggestions, and criticisms are warmly welcomed and will be highly appreciated.

Medan, November 2008

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Febri Yulita Panjaitan declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : FEBRI YULITA PANJAITAN

Title of Thesis : THE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES IN THE COVER STORY OF TEMPO

Qualification : S-1/ Sarjana Sastra Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of University of Sumatera Utara, Faculty of Letters, English Department on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “The Analysis of Verbal and Behavioral Processes in the Cover Story of Tempo, yaitu suatu analisis mengenai proses verbal dan behavioral yang dikaji berdasarkan Teori Linguistik Fungsional.

Penulis mengumpulkan data dari tiga edisi Cover Story Majalah Tempo yaitu bulan Maret, April, dan Mei. Analisis ini difokuskan pada fungsi eksperiensial khususnya proses verbal dan behavioral. Melalui analisis data dapat ditemukan bahwa edisi bulan Maret proses verbal terdiri dari 39 klausa, bulan April proses verbal terdiri dari 37 klausa, dan bulan Mei proses verbal terdiri dari 36 klausa. Sedangkan pada edisi bulan Maret proses behavioral terdiri dari 12 klausa, bulan April proses behavioral terdiri dari 5 klausa, dan bulan Mei proses behavioral terdiri dari 3 klausa.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……… AUTHOR’SDECLARATION………. COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ……… ABSTRACT……… TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………

1.1 Background of the Analysis ……… 1.2 Problem of the Analysis ……… 1.3 Objective of the Analysis……….. 1.4 Scope of the Analysis……… 1.5 Significance of the Analysis………

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………

1.1Theoretical Framework……… 2.1.1 Theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics……… 2.1.2 Brief Description of Discourse Analysis……… 2.1.3 Metafunctions of Language……… 2.1.3.1 The Ideational Function……… 2.1.3.2 The Interpersonal Function……… 2.1.3.3 The Textual Function……….. 2.2 Verbal Process and Its Components……….. 2.2.1 The Process………

2.3.1 The Process………. 2.3.2 The Participant……….. 2.3.3 The Circumstances………. 2.4 Relevant Studies……….

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY………..

3.1 Research Method……….. 3.2 Data Collecting Method……… 3.3 Data Analyzing Method………..

CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL AND BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES

IN THE COVER STORY OF TEMPO………. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……….

5.1 Conclusion……… 5.2 Suggestion………

BIBLIOGRAPHY……… APPENDICES………....

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “The Analysis of Verbal and Behavioral Processes in the Cover Story of Tempo, yaitu suatu analisis mengenai proses verbal dan behavioral yang dikaji berdasarkan Teori Linguistik Fungsional.

Penulis mengumpulkan data dari tiga edisi Cover Story Majalah Tempo yaitu bulan Maret, April, dan Mei. Analisis ini difokuskan pada fungsi eksperiensial khususnya proses verbal dan behavioral. Melalui analisis data dapat ditemukan bahwa edisi bulan Maret proses verbal terdiri dari 39 klausa, bulan April proses verbal terdiri dari 37 klausa, dan bulan Mei proses verbal terdiri dari 36 klausa. Sedangkan pada edisi bulan Maret proses behavioral terdiri dari 12 klausa, bulan April proses behavioral terdiri dari 5 klausa, dan bulan Mei proses behavioral terdiri dari 3 klausa.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE ANALYSIS

Language plays a great part in our life. Everybody uses language to communicate with each other. It is also used to express our reaction to certain situation, and to reveal our ideas, thoughts, feelings, or emotions. Human, as a social creature uses language to build relationship with other. It is a wonderful ability for human to communicate using words and sequence of words which differentiates them from animals.

Hornby (1995:662) says that language is the system of sounds and words used by humans to express their thoughts and feelings. In addition, Sapir (1921:8) says that language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotion, and desires by means of voluntary produce symbols.

Halliday (1976:8) says that language is social phenomenon as a means of doing than knowing. It consists of three levels, namely phonology, lexicogrammatical, and discourse semantic. In other words, language is a system of semiotic expressed by phonology, lexicogrammatical, and discourse.

Concerning with discourse, many linguists have given definitions of discourse. Some of them are mentioned below:

1. Brown and Yule (1983:1) say discourse is an analysis of language in use. 2. Stubbs (1983:1) says discourse is language above the sentence or above

3. Kress (1985:27) says discourse is category that belongs to and derives from the social domain.

As the conclusion, it can be said that discourse is a study related to language, texts, sentences, clauses, and units in a written or spoken passage and has a fairly complete unit.

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is the most well-known component of a broad social semiotic approach to language that originally articulated by Halliday in 1960s. It is an approach to linguistics that considers language as a system. According to Martin (1993:145), language has three functions which are known as metafunction language. They are:

1. Language is used to describe, which is known as Ideational Function. It is classified into two sub functions. The Experiential Function (uses language as representation) and the Logical Function (realized by transitivity system).

2. Language is used to exchange, which is known as Interpersonal Function. It uses language as exchange and it is realized by the mood system.

3. Language is used to organize, which is known as Textual Function. It uses language as message and it is realized by the theme system.

The Experiential Function is realizes by the transitivity system. The clause is interpreted as a process configuration. There are three components involved in this configuration:

~ The process itself

~ Participants involved in the process ~ Circumstances associated with the process

Halliday (1994:14) says that there are six types of Experiential Function. They are:

1. Material Function is process of doing 2. Mental Function is process of sensing 3. Relational Function is process of being 4. Verbal Function is process of saying 5. Behavioral Function is process of behaving 6. Existential Function is process of existing.

In this thesis, I concern with one of the language metafunctions only that is the ideational function. In the ideational function, there is a system which is called transitivity that consists of six types of transitivity process. The system of transitivity is a presentation of a meaning in a clause. Hornby (1995: 2004) says that clause is a group of words that includes a subjects and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence. In addition, Longman (1985: 39) says that clause is a group of words which form a grammatical unit and which contain a subject and finite verb. A clause forms a sentence or part of a sentence and often functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. In the transitivity process I do not analyze all of them but only two. They are verbal and behavioral processes.

Verbal process is process of saying. In this process there are four participants: the sayer, receiver, verbiage, and target. The sayer can be anything that is put out the signal. The receiver the one to whom the saying is directed and the verbiage is the function that corresponds to what is said. The target is the entity that is targeted by the processes of saying.

1. A Tempo source said that Al-Amin left Senayan at 9pm that day. A Tempo source said Al-Amin Left senayan at 9pm that day

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

2. In it, the government informed him that it intended to stop Namru’s operations. The government informed him That it intended to stop Namru’s

operation

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

Behavioral process is process of behaving, which may be exemplified by process of breathing, dreaming, smiling, etc. This process relate to physiological and psychological behaviors, putting themselves in between material and mental processes.

For example:

3. He was tired, he immediately went to sleep after the Friday congregational prayer, one police officer told Tempo.

This sentence consist of three clauses, they are: 1. He was tired

2. He immediately went to sleep after the Friday congregational prayer 3. One police officer told Tempo

He was tired carrier relational attribute

He immediately went to sleep after the Friday congregational prayer behaver circumstance behavioral circumstance

One police officer told Tempo

sayer verbal receiver

4. Due to overcrowding, Artalyta was under a lot of stress, unable to sleep. This sentence consist of two clauses, they are:

1. Artalyta was under a lot of stress 2. She unable to sleep

Artalyta was under a lot of stress

carrier relational attribute

She unable to sleep behaver behavioral

Hornby (1995:269) says that cover story is the main article in a magazine that goes with the picture shown on the front cover. Cover story in Tempo is the headline news, which is going to be described as the actual topic. Tempo is a weekly national news magazine, which printed in two edition, English and Indonesia language and published in Jakarta. The Indonesia edition is firstly published in March 1971 in Jakarta, which has been involved in a publishing industry for almost 38 years. But the English edition is just published currently.

I am interested to analyze the process type especially verbal and behavioral processes because the two types of processes are assumed to be difficult to understand or to differ.

Based on the explanation above, I would choose Cover Story of Tempo the subject matter of this thesis. It chosen because when I read this magazine I found many transitivity processes and I also found none of English Department students have ever used this magazine as the object of their analysis especially in verbal and behavioral processes. I hope that this thesis can give advantages to the students in adding their knowledge about discourse.

1.2 PROBLEM OF THE ANALYSIS

Based on the background above, the problem of the analysis is what are the verbal and behavioral processes found in Cover Story of Tempo?

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE ANALYSIS

I have objective in writing this thesis that is to find out the verbal and behavioral processes in Cover Story of Tempo.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS

It is very important to limit the analysis and the object of the analysis in order to get a clear and satisfactory result. Therefore, in this thesis, I would like to focus on the verbal and behavioral processes that found in the Cover Story of Tempo on March to May 2008. March 24 (Namru Under Scrutiny), April 28 (A Bribe for a Capital City), and May 5 2008 (The Legend of the Lobby Queen).

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANALYSIS

This thesis has significance to expand knowledge of the readers about discourse, especially for those who are interested in this subject. Beside that, the result of this analysis will be useful for teaching of discourse and enrich the study of SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistic), and can use it as references for their next analysis which relevant or has the same problem.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 THEORICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.1 Theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics

There are many approaches used by linguists in describing varieties of language. There are a modern linguistics by Ferdinand Saussure, a Firthian Linguistics by J R Firth and a Systemic Linguistics by M.A.K Halliday.

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a theory about language as a resource for making a meaning based on a context of situation and context of culture. SFL was developed by Halliday (1985, 1999), a professor of linguistics from university of Sidney, Australia. This theory is based on Firth’s system structure theory. Firth (1935, 1950, and 1951) developed Malinowski’s concepts of context of situation and context of culture. His works were subsequently developed by Halliday, whose theory of language in context is generally known as Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The interesting development of SFL theory in Malinowski’s and Firth’s time was the attention paid to the study of the inter-relatedness of language and context in the theory and the practice. Modeling language in context theoretically, describing and applying the model in question in various areas of human activity have been a trade mark of Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory (SFLT).

SFLT works on language in context are available in a grate variety of forms, such as books, journals, and so on. It is used to explore the difference ways of interpreting things theoretically such as text, cohesion, discourse, context,

situation, culture, and other phenomena. In General Systemic Functional Grammar Theory (GSFLT), the ‘S’ for ‘Systemic’ implies that the theory pays attention to the systemic relation and their probabilities in a network system of relations and choices starting from general to specific features which are paradigmatic in nature. It also implies that the systems of meaning that are interrelated to the phenomena under study. The ‘F’ for ‘Functional’ implies that it is concerned with the functional realizations of the systems in structures. It also implies the semiotic functions or meanings that operate in various semiotic levels and dimensions. The ‘L’ for ‘Linguistics’ implies that the theory derives from a discipline called ‘Linguistics’. It is a language based on theory which is used to investigate the phenomena of language.

SFLT can be used for analyzing text as a form of discourse. As in Halliday (1994:30) says that the aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say the sensible and the useful things about any text, spoken, and written in modern English. The text that is analyzed, including literary, ethnographic, educational, pedagogical, and so on.

It is obvious that when text is analyzing, the grammar becomes a prominent thing to describe how the language works. Therefore, the grammar and the meaning are closely related. Grammar becomes a study of how the meanings are built up through the use of words when the language acts are performed as the expressions of meaning. The way of how the language works involves an idea that a language consists of a set of system, each of which offers the speaker or the writer a choice of ways expressing meanings because the forms of the language that is used by a speaker represents meanings.

In using a language to express the meaning, a speaker has a linguistic choice that allows him or her to change the order of groups of words or in other words, the speaker is given an allowance to use many ways of language use, for example: when a speaker intents to know the time, he or she may use his or her own expressions to the language offers such as:

 What’s the time?  What time is it, please?

 Would you mind telling the time, please?  Tell me the time, please.

 I’d like to know the time.

Those are the differences form of expression. The first and the second are interrogative forms, the third is requesting form. The fourth one is imperative form, while the last one is declarative form.

Most of the linguistics choices a speaker makes are unconscious. He or she never makes a conscious choice among the available language forms. He or she had chosen the best form to express or to convey the meaning.

It is clear that the grammar and the meaning (semantic) are related to each other, either in spoken and written language. SFLT believes that such a kind of relation is one of the realizations. Therefore, the linguistic analysis of texts can help us to find out why some texts are more effective than other texts at communicating information. Text analysis is advantageous in giving us a better understanding of the nature of language in many fields.

SFLT puts a great interest in the relation between language and context. If a text can be understood by the speakers or writers, there is a great deal about the

context in which the text occurs can be revealed. Therefore, SFLT has been described as a functional semantic approach to language which explores how people use language in different context, and how language is structured for use as a semiotic system.

2.1.2 A Brief Description of Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis does not analyzes only the large units of language such as conversation or written text but it also attempts to achieve the exact meaning or at least the closest meaning intended by a writer in the written texts or a speaker in conversation. In order to reach the aim of discourse analysis, there are some functions related to it, they are:

1. Enabling someone to say why the text is or is not, effective for its own purpose in what respects it succeeds and it what respects it fails, or even less successful in order to get the evaluation of text.

2. Enabling someone to show how and what the text means so that he or she can understand the text. This is the lower in among the two functions. It is one that should always be attainable based on grammar.

The scope of discourse analysis is wide because discourse analyzes units of languages not only in text but also in spoken for example speech, interview, conversation, etc. We as listeners or readers try to understand every single meaning of the word. In reaching these, the speakers or the writers will try to find the best way in choosing the words to link them each other so that the reader or the listener easy to understand.

According to McCarthy (1992:12) discourse analysis is not only concerned with the description and analysis of spoken interaction. In addition to all our

verbal encounters, we daily consume hundreds of written and printed words: newspapers, articles, letters, stories, recipes, instruction, notices, comics, and billboards, leaflets, pushed through the door, and so on. We usually expect them to be coherent, meaningful communications in which the words and/or sentences are linked to one another in a fashion that corresponds to conventional formula, just as we do with speech. Therefore, discourse analysis is equally interested in organization of write interaction.

2.1.3 Metafunctions of Language

Metafunctions of language is major function of language to give the message which has good formulation. Metafunctions of language consist of three major functional components, they are: the ideational function, the interpersonal function, and the textual function.

2.1.3.1 The Ideational Function

The ideational function relates to the inner and outer worlds of reality, it is “language about something”. According Halliday (1978:112) whenever one reflects on the external world of phenomena or the internal world of one’s consciousness, the representation of that reflection would take the form of content. This form of content is called the experiential meaning.

Experiential meaning focuses the language on the clause level with respect to the notion of clause as representation. Clause as a representation means that one function of the clause is as representation of experience of both external realities (i.e. reality outside oneself) and internal reality (reality inside oneself). The

experiential or representational function of language (clause) is realized by the transitivity system of the language. The outer world of reality that is brought into the inner world of reality in one’s consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity system of language, is interpreted as a what-is-going-on process, which is related to material actions, events, states, and relations.

The what-is-going-on process falls into various processes. Halliday (1985d, 1994) has identified the encoding processes of the realities under discussion, and has also linguistically (grammatically) classified the various process types: material, mental, relational, and the classified other processes into three subsidiary process types: behavioral, verbal, and existential.

1. Material Process

Material clauses construe doings and happening. It realized but changes in the material world that can be perceived, such as motion in space and change in physical make up. The one inherent participant is the actor, as the doer of the action. There may also be a goal-a participant impacted by doing and sometimes a beneficiary a participant benefiting from the doing and a range, participants specifying the scope of happening.

For example: 2. Mental Process

Mental process is the process of sensing which construes a person involved in conscious processing, including processes of perception, cognition, and affection. There are two participants, which are senser and phenomenon. Senser is the participant of sensing who is endowed with consciousness such as feeling, thinking, or sensing. Phenomenon is representing the content of sensing,

which may be sensed, felt, thought, or seen. A mental clause is characterized by a particular structural configuration: process + senser +phenomenon. Mental processes construes sensing perception, cognition, intention, and emotion. It is categorized as these following types:

 Perception: seeing, listening, hearing, feeling, etc. E.g. She saw them

Senser process: cognition phenomenon  Affection: liking, fearing, hurting, worrying, scaring.

E.g. Mother is worrying her children Senser process: affection phenomenon

 Cognition: thinking, knowing, understanding, and puzzling. E.g. I understand his explanation

Senser process: cognition phenomenon 3. Relational Process

Relational process is the process of being. In relational clauses there are two parts to the “being”: something is being said to “be” something else. In other words, there are two relational clause types, with different sets of participant roles: attribute clauses with carrier + attribute and identifying clauses with token + value.

4. Behavioral Process

Behavioral processes are process of psychological and physiological process, like breathing, coughing, smiling, dreaming, chatting, watching, etc.

these construe human behaviour including mental and verbal behaviour as an active version of verbal and mental processes. Saying and sensing are construed as activity. Typically, the participant is a conscious being, like the senser, but the process functions are more like one of doing. The participant is called as behaver, such as:

I’m listening to the radio Behaver process: behavioral circumstance. 5. Verbal Process

Verbal clauses represent process of saying but this category includes not only different modes of saying (asking, commanding, offering, stating) but also semiotic processes that are not necessarily verbal (showing, indicating). The participant is the sayer, receiver, verbiage, and target.

2.1.3.2 The Interpersonal Function

The interpersonal function is an interpretation of language in its function as an exchange, which is a doing function of language; it is concerned with language as an action. This meaning represents the speaker’s meaning potential as an intruder that takes into account the interactive nature of relations between the addresser (speaker/writer) and the addressee (Listener/reader).

At the grammatical level of interpretation with respect to the clause function, it is interpreted that the clause is also organized as an interactive event that involves speaker, writer, and audience (listener/reader). Clauses of the interpersonal function as clauses of exchange, which represent speech role relationship. As Halliday (1985d: 68-71) suggests, whenever two people use language to interact, one of the things they do with it is establishing a relationship

between them. In this, he sets out two most fundamental types of speech role or function: (1) giving, and (2) demanding (Halliday 1994: 68-69).

The interpersonal meaning of language (clause) in its function as an exchange, in which clauses of the interpersonal meaning that function as clauses of exchange representing the speech role relationship, is realized by the mood system of language (clause). The mood system of the clause is represented by the mood structured of the clause, which comprises two major elements: mood and residue. A mood element of an English clause typically consists of a subject and a finite, whereas a residue element of a predicator, one or more complement(s), and many number of different types of adjuncts.

An act of speaking is in interact, i.e. an exchange, in which there is something either given, which implies there is something given. If not, there is no interaction. In other words, in an interaction involving speaker and listener, the speaker is either giving something, which implies the listener is giving something in response. What is exchange (demanded/given or given/received) is a kind of commodity exchanged falls into two principle types: (1) good & services, and (2) information. These two variables or types of commodity exchanged defined the four primaries speech function of offer, command, statement, and question.

For example: May I help you? (Offer) Shut up! (Command)

John can type 45 words per minute. (Statement) When will he join the army? (Question)

The interpersonal meaning of the clause can be observed on two levels. On the first level, the speaker/writer as the producer of the clause can speak or write

from a position carrying the authority of a discipline or an institution. In this level, the way the interpersonal meaning is delivered is determined by the knowledge or power relationship exiting between the speaker/writer and the listener/reader. On the other level, the speaker/writer may choose to communicate with the listener/reader from a position as a person, with no authority of a discipline, an institution, or the like.

For example: My friend said to me,” Will you join with us tonight?”

2.1.3.3 The Textual Function

The textual function of language is an interpretation of language in its function as a message, which is text-forming function of language. This is interpreted as a function that is intrinsic to language itself, but is it at the same time a function that is extrinsic to language, in the sense that it is linked with the situational (contextual) domain in which language (text) is embedded. At the clause level, the textual function is concerned with how inter-clausal elements are organized to form a unified whole text that makes meanings. In this, the textual function indicates the way the text is organized or structured.

The textual function of language (clause) in its function as a message is realized by the theme system of language (clause). The theme system of the clause is represented by the thematic structure of the clause, which comprises two major elements: theme and rheme.

In an analysis of a thematic structure of a text, it is possible to examine language in terms of Halliday’s three metafunctions: the ideational, interpersonal, and textual.

Example:

Right student today we look at morphology Textual Interpersonal Topical

Theme Rheme

As the above clause represents, the theme choices is the language may be of three kinds: textual, interpersonal, and topical. The topical theme creates the topic that the speaker (i.e. we in the above case) chooses to make the point of departure of the message. The interpersonal theme occurs at the beginning of a clause when a constituent is assigned a mood label (as can be seen in the example). The textual theme gives thematic prominence to the textual elements and has the function of linking one clause or clause elements are related to each other as such that they form a unified whole text within contexts (see the right in the example). The rheme is look at morphology, which is the part of the massage to which the theme is developed.

2.2 VERBAL PROCESS AND ITS COMPONENTS

Verbal process is the process of saying, but saying includes not only different modes of saying (asking, commanding, offering, stating) but also semiotic processes that are necessarily verbal (showing, indicating). The central participant is the sayer- the participant saying, telling, stating, informing, asking, demanding, suggesting, and offering, and so on. It can be a human or human like

speaker of course but it can also be any other symbolic source. For example: The newspaper says there’ll be another election. The newspaper acts as human being, of verbal process, which is called symbolic process. Verbal process has two components, which are: the process itself and the participant in the process. To be noted, verbal process hasn’t any circumstances to be analyzed.

2.2.1 The Process

The term process and participant are used in analyzing what is represented through the use of language. Processes are central to transitivity. They center on the part of the clause which are realized by the verbal group. They are also regarded as what “going-on” and suggest many different kinds of goings-on which necessarily involve different kinds of participant in verifying circumstances. While participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happening, feelings, and beings.

Processes in English are expression of happening, doing, being, saying, and thinking. Verbal process is process of saying. Saying includes asking, commanding, showing and so on.

2.2.2 The Participant

As has been mentioned above, verbal process has two components where one of them is participant. Participant is somebody or something that will be involved in the process. Participant is the one that says together with the complementary function where there is one, who is said. There are four kinds of participants in verbal process. They are: Sayer, Receiver, Verbiage, and Target.

 Sayer.

The sayer is the participant responsible for the verbal process, who encodes a signal source. Does not have to be a conscious participant (although it typically is), but anything capable of putting out signal. The sayer can be anything that puts out a signal, like the radio, which tells us about war between Iraq-America. The sayer is the participant, who covers saying, telling, asking, commanding, offering, suggesting, and so on. From the example above, it can be said that participant can be human or human like speaker, but it can also be any other symbolic sources.

 Receiver

The receiver is the one whom the verbal process is directed or the one to whom the verbalization is addressed.

 Verbiage

The verbiage is nominalzed statement of the verbal process, a noun expressing some kind of verbal behaviour, a name for the verbalization itself or the verbiage is the function that corresponds to what is said. Note that what is said in the sense if the wording in quoted or reported form (direct and indirect speech) is not verbiage.

 Target

The target is the entity that is targeted by the process of saying. Here the sayer is as it acting verbally on another party. Verb that accept target such as praise, insult, abuse, slander, flatter, blame, critic, do not easily project reported speech.

For example:

I asked my teacher a question

sayer verbal receiver verbiage (Human Participant)

She told me a rude joke

sayer verbal receiver verbiage (Human Participant)

The sign says “no smoking” sayer verbal

(Signal Participant)

The alarm clock screamed

sayer verbal (Signal Participant)

2.3 BEVIORAL PROCESS AND ITS COMPONENTS

Behavioral process is process of physiological and psychological behavioral, like breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, looking, listening, waching, and pondering. Halliday describes the process semantically as a “half way hour” between mental and material process. It means that the meanings they realized are midway between materials on the one hand and mental on the other. They are in part about action that has to be experienced by conscious being. This

is one obligatory participant: the behaver, and is typically a conscious being (like a senser in the mental process clause). But, the process is one of doing, not sensing, such as:

She lives in a big city behaver behavioral process circumstance: place

Behavioral process often occurs with circumstantial elements, particularly of manner and clause.

He coughed Loudly

behaver behavioral process circumstance: manner

Behavioral process may contain a second participant that is called as behavior He smiled a broad smile

behaver behavioral process behavior

2.3.1 The Process

The process of behavior occurs between material and mental process. These are process of physiological and psychological. We can recognize the following kinds of behavioral process, which is reflecting the mental and verbal ones: perception, cognition, affection, and verbal.

a. Perception : look at, watch, stare, gawk, view, look over, observe, listen to, sniff, smell, taste, and feel.

c. Affection : smile, laugh, grin, shake, and tremble. d. Verbal : talk, speak, sing, flatter, insult, and praise. Example:

a. I’m listening to the radio b. I’m looking at John

c. The cat’s sniffing the flower d. I taste the wine

From examples, in (a) there is a process, which shows process of behaving, which is identified by looking process, this process is also found in (b) listening, (c) sniffing, (d) tasting, which are shade into psychological and physiological aspects.

2.3.2 The Participant

Behavioral process has one participant only. The participant who is “behaving” labeled behaver. Behaver is typically conscious being like the senser in mental process.

Example: She meditates under the tree Behaver process location: spatial Erwin smiles at me

Behaver process location: spatial

From the examples above, ‘She’ in sentence She meditates under the tree and ‘Erwin’ in sentence ‘Erwin smiles at me’ are behaver.

2.3.3 Circumstances

Circumstances answer such question as when, where, why, how, how many, and as what. They realize meanings about:

 Time (temporal): tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long?

E.g. He goes to school everyday

 Place (spatial): tells where and is probed by where? How far? E.g. He goes to school everyday

 Manner: tells how

1. Means: tells by what means and is probed by what with? E.g. She goes to the office by bus

2. Quality: tells how and probed by how?

E.g. She loved her mother madly, deeply, truly.

3. Comparison: tells like what and is probed by what like? E.g. He was jumping around like a monkey on a zoo

 Cause: tell why

1. Reason: tells what causes the process and is probed by why? Or how? E.g. The sheep died of thirst

2. Purpose: tells the purpose and is probed by what for? E.g. He went to the shop for cigarettes

3. Behalf: tells for whose sake and is probed by what whom? E.g. He went to the shop for his mother

 Accompaniment: tells with(out) who or what and is probed by who or what else?

E.g. I left work without my briefcase

 Matter: tells about what or with reference to what and is probed by what about?

E.g. This book is talking about functional grammar

 Role: tells what as and is probed by as what? E.g. He lived a quiet life as a beekeeper.

2.4RELEVANT STUDIES

In writing this thesis, I used and read books which related to verbal and behavioral processes to support the analysis. Some of the related researches of this thesis are:

Thomas Bloor (2004:122) said that Verbal Function is process of saying or more symbolically signaling.

Suzanne (1994:233) said that Behavioral Function is almost has a same meaning with Material Function but it is more focus to the habitual or behavior. This function has only one participant.

Phasal and Experential Realization in Lecture Discourse: A Systemic Functional Analysis (Dissertation) by Tengku Silvana Sinar (2002). This dissertation about the phasal and realizations in lecture discourse by using systemic functional approach.

An Analysis of Narrative Structure and Transitivity Process of Some Short Stories in Annida, A Moslem Magazine by Indra (2005). In his thesis, he concludes that in three short stories of narrative structures the most dominant are orientation and from the transitivity process is material process.

An Analysis of Verbal and behavioral Process in Ernest Hemingway’s Novel”The Sun Also Rises”: A Systemic-Functional Approach by Herma Trilas M.P (2003). In her thesis, she concludes that the verbal process (53.38%) predominantly realized in the clause in “The Sun Also Rises” novel, subsequently followed by the behavioral process (46.61%).

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH METHOD

Bungin (2005: 40-41) says that there are three kinds of research based on the location of the research i.e. library research, laboratory, and field research. In this thesis, I applied the library research method that was by collecting some theories and information about transitivity process from books, thesis, internet, and other resources which support the writing.

3.2. DATA COLLECTING METHOD

Data are collecting from Tempo magazine. Tempo magazine is a monthly magazine which published in two languages, bahasa Indonesia and English. I choose the English version on March 24 “Namru Under Scrutiny”, April 28 “A Bribe for a Capital City”, and May 5 2008 “The Legend of the Lobby Queen”. The data are collected by using purposive sample by Arikunto (2006: 139).

3.3. DATA ANALYZING METHOD

In analyzing the data, descriptive method is applied in this thesis in which all the facts that are related to the object of the analysis in this thesis will be described. As stated by Nawawi (1993: 27) “Metode deskriptif adalah prosedur/cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan object yang sedang diselidiki sebagaimana adanya berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang

Firstly, I collect the references which are related to the verbal and behavioral processes. Secondly, the data is collected from Tempo. Then, I classify and identify the data based on the process and based on M.A.K. Halliday theory. After that the data is analyzed. Finally, I draw conclusions and suggestion to help the readers to understand verbal and behavioral processes.

CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 THE DATA ANALYSIS OF VERBAL PROCESS From Tempo, March 24, 2008

The participants that are used in verbal process are Sayer, Verbiage, Receiver, and Target. Here are the data that are shown from the table below:

1. This place, Kaligis said, can only hold 500 people, while the current population was over 1,500.

Kaligis said can only hold 500 people

while the current population was over 1,500.

sayer verbal verbiage target

2. While the Sjamsul family was still struggling, said one source close to Sjamsul, the Artalyta family business was already expanding.

One source close to Sjamsul said Sjamsul family was still struggling

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

One source close to Sjamsul

said Artalyta family business

was already expanding

3. It was Akiong who supported Sjamsul when the Dipasena shrimp farm was opened.

Akiong supported Sjamsul when the Dipasena shrimp farm was opened

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

4. At that time, said the source, the land for the shrimp farm could not yet be prepared because Sjamsul did not have enough money.

At that time said the source the land for the shrimp farm could not yet be prepared because Sjamsul did not have enough money

circums: verbal sayer verbiage

5. Akbar Tandjung, who attended her daughter’s wedding reception in Kemayoran, said that he was invited by the host.

Akbar Tandjung, who attended her daughter’s wedding reception in Kemayoran

said he was invited by the host

verbiage verbal receiver verbiage

6. “As I remember, Artalyta brought the invitation together with a Golkar member from Lampung,” said Akbar.

member from Lampung sayer verbal receiver verbiage

7. The former Golkar Party Chairman said that he was not very close with Artalyta, but knew that Lampung Golkar member very well.

He said not very close with Artalyta, but knew that Lampung Golkar member very well

sayer verbal verbiage

8. According to the schedule, this owner of Gajah Tunggal was to be questioned regarding the BLBI case that morning.

According to the schedule

this owner of Gajah Tunggal

was to be questioned

regarding the BLBI sase

that morning

sayer receiver verbal target

9. About 50 reporters crammed into the yard of the AGO building, were the questioning was to take place.

About 50 reporters were the questioning was to take place

sayer verbal verbiage

10.Outside the gate, 100 university students protested, shouting demands that Sjamsul be put in jail.

gate

verbiage sayer verbal

100 university students

demands Sjamsul be put in jail

sayer verbal receiver target 11. However, a number of sources said that at that time she met with a senior

AGO official.

a number of sources said she met with a senior AGO official at that time

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

12. “I said to Kemas, be careful.”

I said to kemas be careful

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

13. That reminder, said Hendarman, was made long before the arrest.

That reminder said Hendarman was made long before the arrest

verbal sayer verbiage

14. Kemas Yahya admits to knowing Artalyta.

Kemas Yahya admits knowing Artalyta

15. “As far as knowing her, I know her,” he said.

He said know her sayer verbal verbiage receiver

16. But he says he forgets when he first met his acquaintance. He says forgets when he first

met

his acquaintance

sayer verbal verbiage receiver

17. He also emphasized that his relationship with Artalyta had nothing to do with Sjamsul Nursalim’s BLBI case.

He emphasized his relationship with Artalyta had nothing

with Sjamsul Nursalim’s BLBI case

sayer verbal verbiage target

18. That is truly amazing,” said the source.

The source said that is truly amazing

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

19. Aside from recognizing the effectiveness of her lobby, this source confirmed that Sjamsul never asked her to take care of the BLBI case.

Sjamsul never asked her to take care of the BLBI case sayer verbal receiver verbiage

She recognizing the effectiveness her lobby

sayer verbal verbiage receiver

She confirmed Sjamsul never asked her to take care of the BLBI case sayer verbal receiver verbiage

20. However, the source continued, “If Artalyta wants to help, she is welcome to.”

The source contunued Artalyta welcome to if wants to help sayer verbal receiver verbiage

21. The maids, drivers, gardeners, and security guards were all asked about the chronology of events, as well as about Artalyta’s activities while she was at the home.

The maids, drivers, gardeners, and security guards

were asked About Artalyta’s activities at home

receiver verbal verbiage

22. After tracking down all of the leads, a source from the Sjamsul family was convinced that Artalyta was working on her town.

down all of the leads

Sjamsul family convinced on her town

verbiage sayer verbal receiver verbiage

23. The money given to Urip, said the source, did not come from Sjamsul. The source said the money given to Urip did not come from Sjamsul

sayer verbal verbiage

24. “Go ahead and check if there is a flow of money from Sjamsul to Artalyta,” said a close relative of Sjamsul.

A close relative of Sjamsul said go ahead and check if there is a flow of money from Sjamsul to Artalyta

sayer verbal verbiage

25. Artalyta has decided to keep quiet in the face of these charges. Artalyta decided to keep quiet in the face of these charges

sayer verbal verbiage

26. Speaking to reporters who crowded around her on Monday last week, she only said, succinctly: “We must base this care on the presumption of innocence.”

week

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

She said we must base this care on the presumption of innocence sayer verbal verbiage

27. Aside from this, she only asked reporters not to connect this case with anyone.

She asked reporters not to connect this case with anyone

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

28. The guard then informed the special guard on duty.

The guard informed the special guard on duty

sayer verbal verbiage

29. He stressed, tersely, “Only close relatives may visit.”

He stressed only close relatives may visit

sayer verbal verbiage

30. Otto Cornelis Kaligis confirmed that Artalyta had known Urip Tri Gunawaan for five years.

Otto Cornelis Kaligis

confirmed Artalyta had known Urip Tri Gunawaan for five years

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

31. However, he strongly denied that the money given to Urip was a bribe. He strongly denied that the money given to Urip was a bribe

sayer verbal verbiage

32. Kaligis affirmed: “That money was a loan for a gemstone business.”

Kaligis affirmed that money a loan for a gemstone business sayer verbal receiver verbiage

33. The KPK is convinced that the money was indeed a bribe.

The KPK is convinced that the money was indeed a bribe

sayer verbal verbiage

34. “We have very strong evidence,” said Antasari, the KPK Chairman. Antasari, the KPK

Chairman

said we have very strong evidence

From Tempo, April 28, 2008

1. From Bintan, Tempo reports that construction had already begun on part of the protected forest before the legislature gave its approval on April 9. Tempo reports that construction had

already begun on part of the protected forest

the legislature gave its approval on April 9

sayer verbal verbiage receiver verbiage

2. A number of the Tempo sources said that two other DPR members attended the Ritz-Carlton meeting on the night that Al-Amin was arrested. A number of

the Tempo

sources

said two other DPR members

attended the Ritz-Carlton meeting on the night that Al-Amin was arrested

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

3. “He was tired, he immediately went to sleep after the Friday congregational prayer,” one police officer told Tempo.

He went to sleep

after the Friday congregational prayer

one police officer

told Tempo

4. However, they finally decided on Bandar Seri Bentan, because it is strategically located, has many tourism sites and is close to the industrial city of Batam.

They decided Bandar Seri Bentan

strategically located, has many tourism sites and is close to the industrial city of Batam sayer verbal receiver verbiage

5. Speaking to 200 business tycoons there, Bintan Regent Ansar Ahmad gave a lengthy presentation on the plan to develop the region.

Bintan Regent AnsarAhmad speaking to 200 business tycoons there

sayer verbal receiver

6. On January 18 last year, Bintan Regent Ansar Ahmad submitted a rezoning request to the Forestry Minister.

Bintan Regent Ansar Ahmad

submitted a rezoning request to the Forestry Minister

sayer verbal verbiage receiver

7. In a letter, Ansar explained that they planned to turn the protected forest into an integrated business zone.

Ansar explained they planned to turn the protected forest

into an integrated business zone

8. Ansar intended to clarify the plan to rezone the protected forest.

Ansar intended to clarify the plan to rezone the protected forest

sayer verbal verbiage

9. Following up on the request of Regent Ansar, Kaban requested that the protected forest in question be rezoned.

Kaban requested the protected forest

in question be rezoned following up on the request of Regent Ansar sayer verbal receiver verbiage

10.This project was then intensively reviewed by this special team and by Azirwan’s own team.

Azirwan’s own team reviewed this project intensively

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

This special team reviewed this project intensively

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

11.Investigators then examined the information.

Investigators examined the information sayer verbal verbiage

12.Investigators focused their attention on a number of the DPR’s special team, especially Al-Amin Nasution, who was known to communicate frequently with azirwan.

Investigators focused their attention

on a number of the DPR’s special team especially Al-Amin Nasution

who was known to communicate frequently with azirwan

sayer verbal verbiage receiver verbiage

13.A Tempo source said that Al-Amin left Senayan at 9pm that day. A Tempo source said Al-Amin left Senayan at 9pm that day

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

14.At the restaurant, Arya telephoned Eiffel, a woman who was recently arrested together with Al-Amin and Azirwan at the Ritz-Carlton.

At the restaurant Arya telephoned Eiffel

sayer verbal receiver

15.After talking in the lobby for about half an hour, they went to the Mistere nightclub located on the first floor.

They talking in the lobby for about half an hour sayer verbal verbiage

16.Before heading for the club, said the Tempo source, Al-Amin contacted two of his colleagues in the Forestry and Agriculture Commission.

Before heading

for the club

said Tempo

source

Al-Amin

contacted two of his colleagues

in the Forestry and Agriculture Commission

verbiage verbal sayer receiver verbal receiver verbiage

17.The two were asked to come to the Ritz, and they in turn, headed for Mistere.

The two were asked to come to the Ritz

sayer verbal verbiage

They in turn headed for Mistere

sayer verbal verbiage

18.Azirwan’s lawyer, Dorel Almir, verified that these two DPR members arrived there, but sat separately from Azirwan and Al-Amin.

He verified two DPR members arrived there sayer verbal receiver verbiage

19.“Perhaps because they came together, they could not sit at one table,” said Dorel.

Dorel said they could not sit at one table perhaps because they came together

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

20.They said goodnight at about 11:30pm.

They said goodnight at about 11:30pm

sayer verbal verbiage

21.Regarding those two House members with the initials SS and SH, Dorel said succinctly:” I can not give any comment.”

Dorel said can not give any comment those two House members with the initials SS and SH sayer verbal verbiage receiver

22.Dorel also verified that that night Azirwan did indeed give money to Al-Amin.

Dorel verified that night Azirwan did indeed give money to Al-Amin

23.The lawyer said that this money was given at the beginning of their meeting, to pay for food and drinks.

The lawyer said this money was given at the beginning of their meeting

to pay for food and drinks

sayer verbal receiver verbiage target

24.“Perhaps because of their relations, they usually took turns paying,” said Dorel.

Dorel said they usually took turns paying perhaps because of their relations

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

25.The DPR observers also made a strong denial.

The DPR observers made a strong denial

sayer verbal

26.The money in the car, he said, was to repair a bath room and fence at home.

He said the money in the car was to repair a bath room and fence at home

27.”I gave all those envelopes to the investigators,” said Al-Amin.

Al-Amin said gave all those envelopes to the investigators sayer verbal verbiage receiver

28.Investigators are still examining the case.

Investigators examining the case sayer verbal verbiage

29.“We are still investigating,” said Antasari Azhar, KPK Chairman. Antasari Azhar said we are still investigating

sayer verbal verbiage

30.The Financial Transaction Reports & Analysis Center (PPATK) promised it would check the bank account of House members from the Forestry and Agriculture Commission.

The Financial Transaction Reports & Analysis Center (PPATK)

promised would check

the bank account of House

members

from the Forestry and Agriculture

Commission

sayer verbal verbiage receiver verbiage

31.The director of law at this institution, I Ketut Sudiarsa, said that his institution is used to working with the KPK.

KPK

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

32.Forestry and Agriculture Commission Chairman Ishartanto strongly denied the money was to rezone that protected forest.

Ishartanto strongly denied the money was to rezone that protected forest

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

33.“Ganjar Pranowo from the Indonesian Democratic Party of struggle (PDI-P) emphasized that the rezoning process was done according to the law. Ganjar Pranowo from the

Indonesian Democratic Party of struggle (PDI-P)

emphasized the rezoning process was done according to the law

sayer verbal verbiage

34.Yudha Inangsah, Assistant for Legal and Administrative Affairs for Bintan Regency, strongly denied the bribery charges.

Yudha Inangsah strongly denied the bribery charges

35.”Azirwan’s letter of assignment was only to observe the sessions at the Forestry and Agriculture Commission, not to give money to DPR members,” said Yudha.

Yudha said Azirwan’s letter of assignment

was only to observe the sessions at the Forestry and Agriculture Commission

not to give money to DPR members

sayer verbal receiver target verbiage

From Tempo, May 5, 2008

1. Intelligence circle say some people close to the President are involved, in the interest of Washington.

Intelligence circle say some people

close to the President are involved in the interest of Washington

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

2. And a source in the Foreign Department confirmed that,” All their personnel came here using diplomatic passports.”

A source in the Foreign Department

confirmed all their personnel

came here using diplomatic passports sayer verbal receiver verbiage

3. “They could very well conduct intelligence activities under the guise of research,” said the official.

the official said they could very well conduct intelligence activities under the guise of research sayer verbal receiver verbiage

4. This was a response to the request of the Indonesia government to Washington to help fight the rapid spread of malaria and measles.

This was a response

request Indonesia government

to Washington to help fight the rapid spread of malaria and measles

verbiage verbal receiver target

5. If they were conducting covert activities, he said, they would not be operating out of a place owned by the Health Department.

He said they they would not be operating they would not be operating If they were conducting covert activities sayer verbal receiver verbiage

6. He inspected bags and asked that personal identification be traded for guest passes.

He asked personal identification be traded for guest passes sayer verbal receiver target

This is the biological weapon said one staff member

verbiage verbal sayer

8. There’s only research, nothing else, said the staff member who accompanied Tempo.

The staff member who accompanied Tempo

said there’s only research, nothing else

sayer verbal verbiage

9. “It is not as good as the Eijkman Institution,” she said Eijkman is a molecular biology laboratory under the auspices of the Research & Technology Minister and located at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital in Jakarta.

She said Eijkman a molecular biology laboratory under the auspices of the Research & Technology Minister sayer verbal receiver verbiage

10.Ambassador Humes said that their country’s military is often deployed in tropical regions, so they need to know about infectious tropical diseases. Ambassador Humes said their country’s military often deployed in

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

11.Senior officials are now recommending that the lab be closed down. Senior officials recommending that the lab be closed down

sayer verbal target

12.This convention required countries with biological facilities to declare themselves publicly.

This convention required countries with biological facilities

to declare themselves publicly

sayer verbal receiver target

13.The new regime also refused to shut it down.

The new regime refused shut down it

sayer verbal verbiage receiver

14.In it, the government informed him that it intended to stop Namru’s operations.

the government informed him that it intended to stop Namru’s operations

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

He said we are ready to negotiate

sayer verbal verbiage

16.Two months later, Alwi issued a diplomatic note, thus annulling his previous letter.

Two months later Alwi issued a diplomatic note

thus annulling his previous letter

sayer verbiage verbal receiver

17.He had decided that Indonesia was ready to negotiate a new agreement. He had decided Indonesia was ready to negotiate a new agreement sayer verbal receiver verbiage

18.“During the negotiations, the government asked that Indonesian researchers be involved,” said Alwi, when asked for confirmation regarding this matter.

Alwi asked confirmation regarding this matter

sayer verbal verbiage

he said the government asked Indonesian researchers

be involved During the negotiations

19.“At that time, Minister Alwi continuously exerted pressure on lobbied President Wahid on behalf of American interests,” said a Tempo source. a Tempo source said Minister Alwi continuously exerted pressure on

lobbied President Wahid on behalf of American interests

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

20.The US asked that all Americans working at Namru be given diplomatic immunity, but Indonesia rejected the request.

Indonesia rejected request the US sayer verbal verbiage receiver

The US asked all Americans working at Namru

be given diplomatic immunity

sayer verbal receiver target

21.“Their reason was that they wanted protection for their citizens in times of crisis,” said Harry Purwanto, who now heads the Indonesian delegation. Harry

Purwanto

said their reason wanted protection for their citizens in times of crisis

who now heads the Indonesian delegation

22.A national disaster status had even been declared on the dengue fever problem.

A national disaster status

had even been declared on the dengue fever problem

verbiage verbal verbiage

23.Hassan recommended that Namru be closed after the completion of nine ongoing projects.

Hassan recommended Namru be closed after the completion of nine ongoing projects

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

24.“The big boss asked her to revoke her decision,” said the source. The source said the big boss asked her to revoke her

decision

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

25.President Yudhoyono asked that relations between the two countries be strengthened, including the cooperation with Namru.

President Yudhoyono asked relations between the two countries be strengthened, including the cooperation with Namru

26.This statement was reiterated when President Bush visited Bogor in November 2006.

This statement was reiterated when President Bush visited Bogor in November 2006

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

27.Indonesia would only agree to give immunity to Namru’s director and deputy director, while the US side asked that all personnel be granted the same status without exception.

Indonesia would only agree to give immunity to Namru’s director and deputy director

sayer verbal verbiage receiver

the US asked that all personnel be granted the same status without exception

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

28.They accused Dino of playing up to American interests, which wanted to hold on to the Namru lab by various means.

They accused Dino of playing up to American interests sayer verbal receiver target

29.“During one negotiation, Dino pounded on the desk, always speaking in the name of the President, who still wanted Namru to continue,” said a

Tempo source in the Foreign Affairs Department. During one negotiation, Dino pounded on the desk, always speaking in the name of the President, who still wanted Namru to continue

said a Tempo source in the Foreign Affairs Department

verbiage verbal sayer

30.When asked to confirm the letter, Dino did not deny nor verify it. Dino did not deny it

sayer verbal receiver

Dino did not verify it

sayer verbal receiver

When asked to confirm the letter

Dino did not deny nor verify

it

verbiage receiver verbal target

31.“I can not comment on state documents that have been leaked,” said the presidential spokesman, tersely.

Presidential spokesman said can not comment on state documents that have been leaked

sayer verbal verbiage

All of the tables above are included as the verbal process which every clause may have different participant and circumstance. We can find that one clause can have more than one participant.

4.2 THE DATA ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIORAL PROCESS From Tempo, March 24, 2008

In behavioral process, there is only one participant, it is behaver. Here are the data of behavioral process that are shown from the table below:

1. Due to overcrowding, Artalyta was under a lot of stress, unable to sleep. Due to overcrowding Artalyta was under a lot of stress

behaver behavioral

She unable to sleep

behaver behavioral

2. They posed for photos together with the newlyweds and their families. They posed for photos together with the newlyweds and their

families

behaver behavioral circumstance

3. Sutanto posed for a photo together with the parents of both families. Sutanto posed for a photo together with the parents of both

families behaver behavioral circumstance

4. Everyone looked happy.

Everyone Looked happy

behaver behavioral

5. Outside the gate, 100 university students protested, shouting demands that Sjamsul be put in jail.

Outside the gate 100 university students shouting circums: place behaver behavioral

6. The tired demonstrators finally went home.

The tired demonstrators finally went home

behavioral behaver circumstance

7. When Tempo went there two weeks ago, a number of guards intercepted. a number of guards intercepted

behaver behavioral

Some were amazed others sneered

behaver behavioral

9. Those who are disgusted accuse Artalyta of wanting to take advantage of Sjamsul.

Those who are disgusted accuse Artalyta of wanting to take advantage of Sjamsul

behavioral circumstance

10.However, one member of Sjamsul’s family who often used to underestimate Artalyta, recognized her greatness on seeing the large number of high-ranking officials who attended that reception in Kemayoran, in April 2007.

One member of Sjamsul’s family often used to underestimate Artalyta

behaver behavioral circums

11.The front was decorated with alabaster and metal slabs.

The front was decorated with alabaster and metal slabs circums: place behavioral circums:

From Tempo, April 28, 2008

1. On Friday last week, scores of guests patiently waited for Al-Amin to wake from his afternoon nap.

On Friday last week

scores of guests patiently waited for Al-Amin

to wake from his afternoon nap

circumstance behaver circumstance behavioral

2. “He was tired, he immediately went to sleep after the Friday congregational prayer,” one police officer told Tempo.

He was tired

behaver behavioral

He immediately went to sleep after the Friday congregational prayer

behaver circums:time behavioral circumstance

3. On September 22, 2006, the Regent of Bintan signed an agreement with a tourism consortium from Singapore, which goes by the abbreviation SPH. On September

22, 2006

the Regent of Bintan

signed an agreement with a tourism consortium from Singapore, which goes by the abbreviation SPH

4. On Monday last week, Azirwan’s home was raided for five and a half hours.

On Monday last week

Azirwan’s home was raided for five and a half hours

circums: time circums: place behavioral circums: time

From Tempo, May 5, 2008

1. “This is the biological weapon,” said one staff member, laughing. One staff member laughing

behaver behavioral

2. However, it also noted that the Namru lab could continue to operate through a mutually beneficial agreement.

It noted the Namru lab could continue to operate through a mutually beneficial agreement

behaver behavioral circumstance

3. Intelligence circles, according to the source, were offended by the letter. Intelligence circles according to the

source

were offended

by the letter

From all the tables above, we can see that the participant “Behaver” is realized in every clauses. Each clause can have one or two circumstances.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After describing an overview about the six different types of experiential function sassed on SFL theory by Halliday and analyzing them in the Cover Story of Tempo, I would like to give the conclusions which are described here:

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is described as a functional semantic approach to language which explores both how people use language in different contexts and how language is structured for use as a semiotic system. SFL can be used for analyzing text. There are three ways of analyzing the text which are known as “Metafunctions of Language”. These metafunctions consist of Ideational which involves carrying transitivity analysis, Interpersonal which involves understanding the text as a dialogue, and Textual which involves dividing the text up into clauses.

Experiential function has six types which are called as the transitivity process. The six types has analyzed in the Cover Story of Tempo. The six types are:

 Material doing bodily, physically, materially

 Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorily  Vernal saying lingually, signaling

 Behavioral behaving physiologically and psychologically  Existential existing there exists

In this experiential function I only focused to verbal and behavioral processes. After analyzing the data, I conclude that from three of cover story I found 112 clauses of verbal process and 20 clauses of behavioral process.

5.2 Suggestion

I have limited my analysis by only focusing of experiential function especially in verbal and behavioral processes. I would like to suggest the readers or students who are interested in analyzing transitivity system to do further research or analysis by applying the whole aspects of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).

I also would like to suggest the students or reader to analyze other kinds of discourse either spoken or written as a way to understand the text such as newspapers, novels, etc.

I truly think that my thesis is not a perfect one. Therefore, constructive critics and ideas or opinions are welcomed for its perfection. Hopefully, this thesis can be useful for those who are interested in carrying out about the experiential function.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bloor, Thomas and Meriel Bloor. 2004. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. New York: Oxfort University press.

Eggins, Suzanne. 1994. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter Publisher.

Gerot, Linda and Peter Wignell. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Gerd Stabler.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar Second Edition. London: Edward Arnold.

---. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.

Hatim, Basil. 1990. Discourse and Translator. New York: Longman Group.

Hornby, A S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.

Indra. 2005. An Analysis of Narrative Structure and Transitivity Process of Some Short Stories in Annida, a Moslem Magazine. (Thesis, unpublished).

Longman. 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Hong Kong: Longman Group Ltd.

Matthiessen, Christian. 1992. Lexicogrammatical Cartography English System. Sidney: University of Sidney.

Nawawi. 1991. Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Purba, Herma Trilas M. 2003. An Analysis of Verbal and Behavioral Process in Ernest Hemingway’s Novel “The Sun Also Rises”: A Systemic-Functional Approach. (Thesis, unpublished).

Sinar, T. Silvana. 2002. An Introduction to a Systemic-Functional Oriented Discourse Analysis. Singapore: Deezed Consult.

---. 2002. Phasal and Experiential Realization in Lecture Discourse: A System Functional Analysis. (Dissertation, unpublished).

Stubbs, M. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Brasil Blackwell.

Suyanto, Bagong and Sutinah. 2005. Metode Penelitian Sosial Berbagai Alternatif Pendekatan. Jakarta: Kencana.

APPENDICES

TEMPO, MARCH 24, 2008

THE LEGEND OF THE LOBBY QUEEN

Artalyta, a skilled businesswoman, adept at lobbying and huddling with high-ranked politicians, is being detained on suspicion of bribery.

OTTO CORNELIS KALIGIS was in a bad mood. At the Pondok Bambu Detention facility, on Monday last week, this lawyer representing Artalyta Suryani voiced his objection to the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). He was upset because his client was being detained there. This place, Kaligis said, can only hold 500 people, while the current population was over 1,500. Due to overcrowding, Artalyta was under a lot of stress, unable to sleep.

The 46-year-old woman is tucked away in a crowded cell, on suspicion of bribing prosecutor Urip Tri Gunawan with US$660,000. The prosecutor headed the team which investigated corruption of Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance (BLBI) funds received by Sjamsul Nursalim through Bank Dagang Nasional Indonesia (BDNI). Syamsul is a businessman whose businesses extend into various sectors, such as banking, automobile tires, and coffeehouses. Under the Dipasena company flag, the businessman born in Teluk Betung opened a shrimp farm in Lampung.

Sjamsul and Artalyta first met in teluk Betung, but they became closer after Sjamsul opened the largest shrimp farm in Southeast Asia. The businesses of both the

guard out front. He inspected bags and asked that personal identification be traded for guest passes. On the ground floor of the three-story building there were offices and a lab where research on malaria-carrying mosquitoes was being done. A mosquito hatchery is located there.

A staff member pointed out some cabinets with rows of plastic containers, filled with water bearing mosquito larvae. Two bottles on the table were filled with

Toxorincaitis larvae, a type of mosquito which does not feed on blood, but lives off honey. Breeding in a tank of water, these microorganisms eat the larvae of other mosquitoes, including the Aedes aegepti species, which spreads dengue fever. “This is the biological weapon,” said one staff member, laughing.

There’s only research, nothing else, said the staff member who accompanied

Tempo. According to an Indonesian staff member, Namru-2 consists of four programs, namely research connected with infectious diseases which spreads as a result of a virus, bacteria, parasites, or epidemics of unidentified diseases. There are three laboratories here, plus one lab to keep test animals-generally monkeys.

The Namru research program, according to Health Minister Siti Fadilah, was indeed very special when it was first founded, but it is no longer like that. “It is not as good as the Eijkman Institution,” she said Eijkman is a molecular biology laboratory under the auspices of the Research & Technology Minister and located at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital in Jakarta.

The United States seems very interested in holding on to the Namru-2 lab. President George W. Bush even including this issue in a joint statement made with President Yudhoyono, during his visit to Indonesia in November 2006. Ambassador

Humes said that their country’s military is often deployed in tropical regions, so they need to know about infectious tropical diseases. As such, the Namru-2 lab is still very much needed.

However, Jakarta’s position has changed over the past decade. Senior officials are now recommending that the lab be closed down. On November 9, 1998, Defense Minister concurrently Commander of the Armed Forces, General Wiranto, sent letters to the Foreign Affairs Department and the Health Minister, proposing that the government end its cooperation with the Namru-2 lab.

That was not the only time the government felt negatively about the lab. A year later, Foreign Minister Ali Alatas sent a letter to President B.J Habibie, maintaining that the political, scientific and technological benefits for Indonesia were decreasing. “In fact, the negative impact on matters of security was becoming increasingly visible,” Ali Alatas wrote in a letter dated October 19, 1999.

Alatas had a good reason for writingthis. He connected Namru with the planned Verification Protocol for the Biological Weapons Convention, which at that time was being deliberated in Geneva, Switzerland. This convention required countries with biological facilities to declare themselves publicly. Then there was the investigation process, which included an area 500 square kilometers around the laboratory. Because the Namru lab lies in the middle of the city, he thought that the entire Jakarta area would be included in the area of investigation. However, the Namru lab remained in operation.

The new regime also refused to shut it down. Foreign Affairs Minister Alwi Shihab, during the Abdurrahman Wahid presidency, sent a letter to US Ambassador Robert Gelbard on January 28, 2000. In it, the government informed him that it intended

to stop Namru’s operations. However, it also noted that the Namru lab could continue to operate through a mutually beneficial agreement. Gelbard snatched at this opportunity on the very same day. “We are ready to negotiate,” he said.

Two months later, Alwi issued a diplomatic note, thus annulling his previous letter. He had decided that Indonesia was ready to negotiate a new agreement. The negotiations indicated that the 1970 agreement was still in effect. “During the negotiations, the government asked that Indonesian researchers be involved,” said Alwi, when asked for confirmation regarding this matter. “At that time, Minister Alwi continuously exerted pressure on lobbied President Wahid on behalf of American interests,” said a Tempo source.

Since then, a series of meetings were held between the Indonesian and American delegations: on May 5 and June 8, 2000, as well as on January 18 of the following. But everything came to the status of the laboratory’s personnel. The US asked that all Americans working at Namru be given diplomatic immunity, but Indonesia rejected the request. “Their reason was that they wanted protection for their citizens in times of crisis,” said Harry Purwanto, who now heads the Indonesian delegation.

Objections towards the laboratory continued to be heard. Foreign Minister Hassan Wirajuda, who replaced Alwi during President Megawati Sukarnoputri’s administration, also took a stance on the issue. He sent letters to the Coordinating Minister for Politics & Security, the Defense Minister and the Minister of Health. In the letter he mentioned that Namru had not reported any research findings since 2000.

The government was becoming increasingly upset at the laboratory’s lack of transparency. On August 25, 2004, Hassan wrote that the government had to handle the

problem of infectious diseases such as dengue fever and bird flu. A national disaster status had even been declared on the dengue fever problem. However, during such a critical time, Namru failed to conduct any research.

At the same time, the government noted a sharp increase in the level of activity at Namru. It was importing many more items for research, such as medicines, computers and laboratory equipment. A total of 134deliveries via diplomatic mail were recorded for the laboratory. There were also a significant number of staff members being moved: 21 times. Hassan recommended that Namru be closed after the completion of nine ongoing projects.

A new government took office, and the Namru lab was still in operation. Two weeks after her appointment as Minister of Health, according to a source in the government, Siti Fadilah ordered the Namru lab to be shut down. But instead of getting results, she was suddenly summoned to the Palace by President Yudhoyono. “The big boss asked her to revoke her decision,” said the source. Minister Siti Fadilah deferred to the President’s order, who in that meeting was accompanied by special staff member Dino Patty Djalal.

President Yudhoyono asked that relations between the two countries be strengthened, including the cooperation with Namru. When he received US Secretary of Health Michael O. Leavitt on October 17, 2005, the President hoped the Namru lab could help in improving the capacity of Indonesian health workers in fighting infectious diseases, such as bird flu. This statement was reiterated when President Bush visited Bogor in November 2006.

At this point negotiations on Namru resumed. The government formed a delegation, led by the Foreign Affairs Department’s Director for North and Central American Affairs. Its members consisted of representatives from the Office of the Coordinating Minister for Politics & Security, Defense Department, Department of Health, Military HQ, State Intelligence Agency (BIN) and the Special Staff of the Office of the President. They met the American delegation, led by US Deputy Chief of Mission in Jakarta; John Heffern was accompanied by Namru officers and a legal advisor from the US Pacific Command in Hawaii.

Once again the negotiations stalled over the issue of diplomatic status for Namru personnel. Indonesia would only agree to give immunity to Namru’s director and deputy director, while the US side asked that all personnel be granted the same status without exception. According to Harry, there were four other major issues being contested, among them, indonesian’s request to include a clause on the Biological Weapons Convention Verification Protocols (see Never-Ending Negotiations).

A day after the deadlock in the negotiations, the Presidential Palace intervened. Dino Patti Djalal, a special staff of the President, sent letters to the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Defense and Health, the Armed Forces Commander and the head of State intelligence. He passed on the World Health Organization’s evaluation, which essentially said that they were satisfied with the collaboration with Namru.

In his letter, Dino wrote that Namru was beneficial for Indonesia. But he also pointed to the different viewpoint regarding Namru, such as the President’s view that Namru was an opportunity rather than a threat, which is the view of his detractors. “This view regards Namru as an agent of the CIA, a spreader of infectious diseases, and a

factory for biological weapons, requiring it always to be pressured and shunned,” Dino wrote.

Intelligence circles, according to the source, were offended by the letter. They accused Dino of playing up to American interests, which wanted to hold on to the Namru lab by various means. “During one negotiation, Dino pounded on the desk, always speaking in the name of the President, who still wanted Namru to continue,” said a

Tempo source in the Foreign Affairs Department.

When asked to confirm the letter, Dino did not deny nor verify it. “I can not comment on state documents that have been leaked,” said the presidential spokesman, tersely. “Leaking state documents is a crime. One can be arrested for that.” Regarding charges that he is working for US interests, Dino briefly replied: “Nonsense.

WMU, Budi Setyarso, Wahyu Dhyatmika,YughaE.,