Analysis Of Metaphor In Psalm Section 1 To 119 Of Bible

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ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR IN PSALM SECTION 1 TO 119 OF

BIBLE

A PAPER

WRITEN

BY:

DESI R. SARI KABAN

REG.NO. 122202014

ENGLISH DIPLOMA III STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN

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AUTHOR'S DECLARATION

I am, DESI RATNA SARI KABAN, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree. No other person's work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ………….. Date : July, 27th 2015

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : DESI RATNA SARI KABAN

Title of Paper : ANALYSIS OF METAPHORIN IN PSALM SECTION 1 TO 119 OF BIBLE

Qualification : D-III/ AhliMadya Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Libertarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed : ………. Date :July, 27th 2015

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iii ABSTRACT

This paper is entitled Analysis of Metaphors in Psalm section 1 to 119 of Bible discusses about existing metaphor in Psalm and analyze the meaning of the metaphor. The writer only studies metaphor in Psalm of David. In writing of this paper, writer conduct method research of bibliography for the study of bibliography to collect information and data by using some books and internet that related to problem of analyzes metaphor. Writer collect metaphor data found on verses in Psalm of David, List the verses which use the Metaphor, Mark and select the metaphor in Psalm of David, interpreting metaphor in the form of table, and the last analyze it to be taken the conclusion of most dominant metaphor. The metaphor of this paper related to two objects to be compared directly. In Psalm of David, writer found 63 metaphors that contain of metaphor about God, God people, and Enemy of God people. And the metaphor about God is the most dominant metaphor in Psalm of David.

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iv ABSTRAK

Kertaskarya yang berjudul Analysis of Metaphors in Psalm section 1 to 119 of

Bible ini membahas metafora yang ada dalam kitab mazmur dan menganalisa

maknametafora tersebut. Penulis hanya membahas metafora yang ada pada Mazmur Daud.Dalam penulisan kertas kary aini, penulis melakukan metode penelitian kepustakaanuntuk mengumpulkan data dan informasi dengan menggunakan beberapa buku dan internetyang berkaitan dengan masalah untuk menganalisis metafora. Penulis mengumpulkan data metafora yang terdapat pada ayat-ayat di Mazmur Daud, mengurutkan ayat-ayat yang menggunakan metafora, menyeleksi metafora dalam ayat-ayat Mazmur Daud, menginterpretasikan metafora dalam bentuk tabel, dan terakhir menganalisisnya untuk diambil kesimpulan metafora yang paling dominan. Metafora pada kertaskarya ini mengacu pada dua ha lyang akan dibandingkan secaralangsung. Dalam Mazmur Daud, penulis menemukan 63 metafora yang berisi tentang Tuhan, umat Tuhan, dan Musuh umat Tuhan. Dan dalam Mazmur Daud metafora tentang Tuhan merupakan metafora yang paling dominan.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Jesus Christ, Amen.

All praise is to God, first of all, I would like to thank to Jesus Christ, the Almighty God for His blessing and leading me, who gives me health, time, love, and strength from I begin my study in English Diploma Study Program, Faculty of Culture Study, University of North Sumatera. so that I could finish my study to fulfill one of requirements for the degree of AhliMadya from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. Then, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A and all the staffs for their help during the period of study in this faculty, the Head of English Department, Drs. Matius C. A. Sembiring, M.A and his Secretary for giving all facilities and opportunities during my academic years and in completing this paper. I would like to express my special gratitude and great appreciation to my supervisor, Dra. Nur Cahaya Bangun, M.Si. for her support and beneficial suggestion, and her willingness to share time in correcting this paper. Thanks to Drs. Siamir, M.Hum. as my reader and Drs. Muhijar Muchtar Lubis, M.Si. as my Academic Consultant and all the lecturers of English Department for giving me a great help and contribution of knowledge throughout my academic years. My best, deep appreciation and love are dedicated to my beloved father Sir. Jusuf Kaban my beloved mother Nurlela br. Ginting, my sister Sri ulinaKaban, my little sister Elisabeth Kaban , my brother Eben Ezer Kaban and my little brother Josusa Kaban who always pray, support, and advices me with their love. Thank you for being patient with me. And I render

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thanks to very special someone and very precious to me, who takes care of me,the one who loves me, Febry Bangun, for he is the most meritorious someone and always help me,help me in all matter, material, energy, and though during I do this paper. I would like to thank to all of my big family, I really love them all. I would like to thank to my best friend in Solidas, and thanks awfully for my close friend, Bonifasia (Miss of Lecturer), Debby Maria (miss of fashion design), Lestari Tarpat, Margaret ( queen of vegetables), Marlina(Miss Galau), Rolly Crist (the Miss Universe), and the last one Princess wenny. They are the best friend who always together with me in good and bad times, who always gives breathe into my life and advise me. All of you are reasons for I can be a successful woman. Thank you to all people who always help me a lot solve to finishall problems in this paper, thank you for your kindness. Thank you for all. To all my classmates in SOLIDAS'12 whose names can't be mentioned one by one, thank for their help and support for spending our great. Finally, may this paper be advantageous for the readers. May the grace and love of the Lord, Jesus Christ are with us all forever. Amen.

Medan, 13rd July, 2015 The writer Desi Ratna Sari Kaban Reg. No: 122202014

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vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

ABSTRAK ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 7

1.3 The Purpose of the Study ... 7

1.4 The Reason for Choosing This Topic ... 7

1.5 The Scope of the Study ... 8

1.6 Method of the Study ... 8

1.7 Draft of Method of Study ... 9

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 10

2.1 Semantics ... 10

2.2 Meaning ... 13

2.3 Figurative Language ... 14

2.4 Metaphor ... 16

2.4.1 The Creation of Similarity of Metaphor ... 18

2.4.2 Classification of Metaphor ... 20

3. RESEARCH METHOD ... 23

3.1 Methods ... 23

3.2 Research Method ... 23

3.2.1 Research Design ... 23

3.2.2 Object of the Research ... 24

3.2.3 Data Sources ... 24

3.2.4 Method of Data Collection ... 24

3.2.5 Method of Data Analysis ... 25

4. DATA FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS ... 26

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4.2 Data Analysis ... 32

4.3 Findings ... 74

5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 77

5.1 Conclusions ... 77

5.2 Suggestions ... 78

REFERENCES ... 80

APPENDIX ... 82

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iii ABSTRACT

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iv ABSTRAK

Kertaskarya yang berjudul Analysis of Metaphors in Psalm section 1 to 119 of

Bible ini membahas metafora yang ada dalam kitab mazmur dan menganalisa

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

People can’t live without communication. They can’t communicate without language. “Language touches every part of our lives; it gives words to our thoughts, voice to our ideas, and expression to our feelings, it is a rich and varied

human ability. Language is deeply a part of all of life.”(Kottler, Barnet and Light, Martin. 1967).

Language is interesting to learn, because it is closed with human’s life.We use language and respond to it all the time but in many different ways. We can do many activities by language. Such as, reading. We can read a Bible and listen to a bible because language makes us understand it. We also can use language to communicate with others.

The English wor

Latin biblia, from the same word i

fromta biblia the books (singular βιβλίονbiblio

is short for biblia sacra holy book, while biblia in Greek and Late Latin is neuter plural (gen. bibliorum). It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae) in Medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe. Latin biblia sacra holy books translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰἅγ ια ta biblia ta hagia, the holy books.

The Bible (from tàbiblía, and the books) is a collection of texts

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have produced different largely overlap however, creating an important common core.

The appropriate term to describe Judaism's scriptures is the terms Bible and Old Testament are commonly used by non-Jews to describe Judaism's scriptures. While there is just one Jewish Bible, collected together and preserved as the sacred books of the Jewish people, the contents of each of the Christian compilations of canonical texts of the different Christian traditions. Jewish scripture was (and is) originally written in Hebrew, the Christia more and the containing original 24 books of the Tanakh in a different order.

century and referred to them as "holy," or in Hebrew שׁ ֶדֹקַּה י ֵבְתִכּ (Kitveihakkodesh), and Christians now commonly call the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible "The Holy Bible", in Greek (τὰ βιβλία τὰἅγια, tàbiblíatàágia) or "the Holy Scriptures" (η Αγία Γραφή, e AgíaGraphḗ). In the 13th century by 16th century into verses by French printe

The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the

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10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin (Vulgate) Bible is the

The Bible is a collection of 66 books written by about 40 authors, in three different languages, on three different continents, and over approximately 1600 years. The Bible claims to be inspired and inerrant. This means that the Bible claims to be from God and that it is without error in everything it addresses. The bible describes the origin of man in the Garden of Eden along with his fall into sin and out of fellowship with God. It then describes how God called out a special people to Himself, the Israelites. He promised the Israelites a future Messiah who would restore mankind’s relationship with God. The bible is the account of the work of God in history bringing to fruition His prophetic declarations concerning Jesus. Jesus was born of the Virgin, died on the cross, and paid for sins, just as the Bible prophesied in the Old Testament and fulfilled in the New Testament.

The Old Testament features more than 24 books of the original Hebrew Bible, and deliberately in a divergent order. Moreover, there are a number of different versions of the Christian Bible, with different selections of books, as well as different ordering and naming of books, or incorporation of that all their books were originally written in Greek. The Old Testament books written by the prophets such as Moses, David, Isaiah, etc. There are 4 parts of Bible:

1. Pentateuch—5 books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

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2. Historical Books—12 books: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, First Kings, Second Kings, First Chronicles, Second Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. 3. Poetical—5 books: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon

4. Prophetical—17 books:

1. Major Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel.

2. Minor Prophets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi.

The second part of the Bible is call seven books originally written i Testament is divided into the four twenty-one Testament books written by those who knew Jesus or were under the guidance of those who did. There are three parts of New Testament:

1. Historical Books—5 books: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts.

2. Pauline Epistles—13 books: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon.

3. Non-Pauline Epistles—9 books: Hebrews, James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Revelation.

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All Parts of Bible have meaning. Every books of it has its own meaning. When we read Bible, we understand it because it has meaning. Semantics as a subfield of linguistics is the study of meaning in language. Semantics deal with the meaning of words, and how the meanings of sentences are derived from them. In order to understand what meaning in language is, it is important to realize that it is a multifaceted phenomenon; different aspects of meaning need to be explained in different ways, so they are studied differently and are governed by different theories. In semantic, there are two kinds of meaning, these are literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning is the real meaning of words. Non- literal meaning is unreal meaning of words, it is called figurative language that include of metaphor, irony, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and litotes, etc. David Crystal (1999:116) says, “Figurative language is an expressive use Of language where words are used in a non-literal way to suggest illuminating Comparisons and resemblances.” Figurative language is a way of human to express their feeling in words. It has its own hidden images what makes people try to find the ordinary meaning.

For this paper, the writer is interested to discuss about metaphor which is a part of figurative language as an object to analyze. As we know, we need ability to understand the meaning of metaphor. Metaphor is one of figure of speech which makes implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things or objects that are poles apart from each other but have some characteristics common between them. Odgen and Richards (1972:213) say, : “ Metaphor, in the most general sense, is the use of one reference to a group of things between which a given relation holds, for the purpose of facilitating the discrimination of an analogous

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relation in another group.” Metaphor has simple structure. It built on comparison of two things. There is a thing as an object and there is a thing other as comparison.

The writer is a Christian and I like to read Bible. Bible is a book which full of words of God.And Psalm is one of letter words of God on Bible which has many metaphors sentences.When the writer reads the Bible especially in Psalm letter, the writer finds many metaphors there. And the writer wants to know about the kinds and meanings of metaphor which in the Psalm on Bible .There following are some examples of metaphors in Psalm:

Psalm 23:1 The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.

Psalm 3 : 4 But You, O LORD, are a shield for me, My glory and the One

who lifts up my head.

In the first example, literally shepherd means someone who keeps and takes care of his livestock. A shepherd always gives food to his livestock and save them from dangerous. But metaphorically, for this verse, shepherd explains God’s personality, Who is Responsible, care us, love us and bring us to right place and keep us from evil. He willingly crucified to atone for human sin. Because Lord does not want us falling in devil’s hand. He likes to save us from death to everlasting life. Our Lord very love us, we are his.

In the second example, God is compared with Shield. Shield is a large piece of metal, wood, etc. something that defends or protects someone or something. Metaphorically, God is Shield. God is a place to take shelter. We will be safe in God. He assured our salvation and protects us from all dangerous.

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In this paper, the writer is interested to describe about metaphor which is found in Psalm of David of Bible, which used metaphor to expressing the words of God through the sections and verse of Psalm. The writer likes to analyze it and shares it to readers.

1.2 The Problem of the Study

When the writer read Bible especially in Psalm of David, the writer find many metaphors, and therefore the writer wants to know:

1.What metaphors are in Psalm of David on Bible?

2.What are the meaning of each metaphor found in verses of Psalm of David ?

1.3The Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study in writing this paper is to find what metaphors in Psalm are, and understand the meaning of it.

1.4 The reason for Choosing This Topic

The writer chooses analysis of metaphor in Psalm because there are many connotation meanings and figures of speech in Psalm. Psalm is the most books that have many verses in Bible, so the writer is interested in analyzing this book to find many kinds of metaphor in it and show readers kind of metaphor in Psalm letter.

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8 1.5The Scope of the Study

This paper is focused in metaphor of Psalm of David of Bible, although there are many aspects that can be discussed in Psalm of Bible. The writer likes to analyze metaphors in Psalm of David and analyze its meaning.

1.6Method of the Study

The method of the study in this paper is descriptive. The writer uses library research and internet research in writing this paper. The first step is the writer searches some books about metaphor in library and the writer read the books to understand about what the metaphor is. Then, writer search more information about metaphor in internet to increase writer knowledge about metaphor. After that, the writer reads Psalm letter of Bible, and analyzes the metaphor on it.

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9 1.7 Draft of Method of Study

The writer

Data Sources: -Bible

-Reference books -Internet

Data analysis: The verses of Psalm of Bible.

Read the verses of Psalm List the verses which use the

Metaphor Search information

about metaphor in books.

Get the Conclusion

Analyze the meaning of metaphors

Mark and select the Metaphors

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Semantics

Semantics is a branch of linguistics which study about meaning of words and sentence. Semantics deal with all aspects that related with language. In this case, the problem of semantics is meaning. In semantics we can learn all aspect of meaning. Definition of meaning, figure of meaning, types of meaning, changed of meaning, and all of characteristics of meaning. In the other hand, object of semantics is meaning. Semantics is a wide knowledge because touch aspects of structure and function of language with the result that it can be related with some sciences.

There are some definitions of semantics given by some linguist for get clearer understanding on semantics:

1. John I. Saeed (2009). Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language.

2. Bauerle (1979:195). Semantics conclude that language including of structure which is presented meaning if it is connected with an object in experience of human’s life.

3. Lyons (1977:1) Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning. 4. Verhaar (1981: 9) Semantics is the theory of meaning or significance, i.e.

Systematic language branch which investigates the meaning or significance.

5. Lehrer (1974:1) Semantic is the study of meaning. For Lehrer, semantic is very broad field of study, because it also deals with aspects of structure

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and function of language that can be connected with psychology, philosophy and anthropology.

6. Encyclopedia Britannica, vol.20 (1996: 313) Semantics is the study of relationship between a linguistics distinction with the relationship of mental and symbols in speech activities.

Semantics was introduced by M. Breal in 1883. Term of semantics was adapted from French language term Semantique, which was absorbed from Greek language. Semantics was introduced in 19thcentury as subfield of linguistics. Although semantics had known in 17th century, it was introduced in 1894 by American Philological Association.

Verhaar (1983: 124) describe level of semantics in linguistics in a scheme:

Context

Syntactic

Morphology

Morphophonology

Phonology ………

Semantics

Context meaning

Grammatical meaning

Lexical meaning

Influence changed of meaning

Its unit distinguishes of meaning

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From the scheme we can see the position of semantics in linguistics as a systematic language branch which investigates the meaning or significance and Object of semantic is meaning. In the scheme, visible the points between semantic and another unit, that means there is no connection between reference, symbol, and meaning.

We have known, semantics is study of language and the object is meaning and the meaning can studied from any theories, especially in linguistics. From theory about semantic, there are some types of semantics:

1. Behaviorist Semantics 2. Descriptive Semantics 3. Generative Semantics 4. Grammatical Semantics 5. Historical Semantics 6. Lexical Semantics 7. Logical Semantic 8. Structural Semantic

It cannot be enacted someone intention of studies semantics, because everyone has different object. However, semantics is used to understand condition of human through human’s comprehension of life phenomenon. According to Suriasumantri (1990:35) Actually, Semantics axiology is used to comprehend nature of human itself through their assessment content of mental potential which is appeared in their concepts of symptoms of world and its contents.

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13 2.2Meaning

Language is close with meaning. It is dynamic and always developed; it means meaning is developed, too. Meaning is a thing that can understand. When someone understands and coherence about something is called meaning. In language, when speaker talking to the hearer, thing which is received by hearer is meaning of words or language what speaker say. Hearer receives and understands what the speaker talking about, that is thing which is called meaning. If someone mention word “horse”, certainly we can imagine figure of a horse.

Kottler, Barnet and Light, Martin. 1967. On their book The world of Words. Say, Fundamental to an understanding of language is recognition of change. Language must constantly renew itself. Because the educated man must know the tradition of his civilization, he should review the history of words and their changes.

Thomas W. Stewart,Jr. and Nathan Vaillete (2001) on their book Language Files; Materials for an Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Say, In order to understand what meaning in language is, it is important to realize that it is a multifaceted phenomenon; different aspects of meaning need to be explained in different ways, so they are studied differently and are governed by different theories.

Meaning has concept in specific science, which is in linguistics. In linguistics, meaning is something what the source or sender expresses, communicates, or conveys in their message to the observer or receiver, and what the receiver infers from the current context. Linguists and philosopher try to explain three things about meaning. (i) Explain meaning scientifically. (ii)

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Describe sentence scientifically. (iii) Explain the meaning in communication process (Kempson, 1977:11)

In Kempson opinion, he explains three aspects that can find in meaning: 1. Word

2. Sentence

3. What the speaker need to communicate.

People can open dictionary to get the meaning of a word; however, it is not possible to forever if people always open the dictionary to get meaning of word that they can understand. And it is not a must someone has to open the dictionary to communicate. In daily life of human, it is difficult for people to apply meaning that is in dictionary, because meaning of a word in a sentence often moves. In the other word, sometimes a word has wide meaning. This thing can be find if someone be faced with idiom, figure of language, metaphor, and trope.

2.3Figurative Language

In semantic, there are two kinds of meaning, these are literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning is the real meaning of words. Non- literal meaning is unreal meaning of words, it is called figurative language that include of metaphor, irony, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and litotes, etc. Webster’s New World Dictionary of American English (1998:789) defined that, in general, the literal meaning is based on the actual words not figurative or symbolic. The literal meaning is according to dictionary or letter scriptures, being without exaggeration or embellishment. Figurative language is special or artistic. It is an expressive use of language where words are used in a non-literal way to suggest

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illuminating comparisons and resemblances. Figurative language contains a hidden meaning to express a word and used to special effect feeling. For example, the uses of word ‘face’ in sentence Mrs. Lana can face her problem by herself refers to ability solve something. Figuratively, this sentence means Mrs. Lana can solve her problem by herself. This is an unusual way of coding experience. Literally, the uses of word face can find in sentence she has beautiful face refers to a part of human's body. Using figurative language to describe or convey the idea of writer is more effective and unique, the writer use symbol or reveal the meaning indirectly. It also creates poetic nuance in writing which make it more beautiful. We are not only finding figurative language in poem, song, or novel but also in conversation of our day life. Indirectly, figurative language also increases varieties of words, which is increase creativity of writer in writing.

There are some definitions of figurative language according to the experts: 1. Bekson and Ganz (1957:80)state, “Figurative language is language which

makes use of certain devices called ‘figure of speech’, most of which are techniques for comparing dissimilar objects, to achieve effects beyond the range of literal language.

2. Shaw (1985: 251) states figurative language often vivid and imaginative can add color and clarity, vigor and effectiveness to writing.

3. David Crystal (1999:116) says, “Figurative language is an expressive use Of language where words are used in a non-literal way to suggest illuminating Comparisons and resemblances.”

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4. John F. Genung (1893) described figurative language as an international deviation from the plain and ordinary mode of speaking, for the sake of greater effect.

All the definitions of figurative language above are different in the way of explanation but have the same meaning. The term figurative language has traditionally referred to language which differs from everyday, nonliterary usage. Figures were seen as stylistic ornaments with which writers dressed up their language to make it more entertaining, and to classify the meaning they wanted to convey.

Figurative language contains images, and writer use it to describe something through unusual comparison, for effect, interest, and make it reader or listener interested to find the real meaning and force the reader or listener to think and imagine the meaning. There are more than 10 kinds of figurative language. The types of figurative expressions which are going to be explained are simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, hyperbole, apostrophe, allegory, parable, paradox, and irony. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia Of Literature says that figurative language can be classified in five categories: resemblance or relationship, emphasis or understatement, figures of sound, verbal games, and errors.

2.4Metaphor

Word of metaphor in English derived from the 16th-century

métaphore, which comes from themetaphora, "carrying over",

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and from meta + pherein, meaning “to bear” in english. Over the years, the theory of metaphor has developed and deepened. In the early 1980s, Lakoff and Kovecses showed that the system of metaphors for anger arose, across languages and cultures, from the physiology of anger itself (Lakoff 1987; Kovecses 1986, 1990). By the early 1990s, a whole new level of metaphor analysis was discovered that called deep analysis.

Metaphor is a type of figures of speech that analog two things directly. It is comparison between two things or objects that are poles apart from each other but have some characteristics common between them. On the other hand, a

common definition of a metaphor can be described as a comparison that shows how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in another important way.

Keraf ( 1998:19 ) says metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly, metaphor as a direct compression which does not use the word : like, as, if so that the first thing is directly to relieve to the second.

Barnhart (1995:118) says, “A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is taken out of its usual setting and placed with another word to suggest a likeness.”

lakoff and johnson (1980), lakoff (1987, 1993), and johnson (1987) say that, metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking processes.

John I. Saeed (2009) on his book semantic, 3rd ed. Say, there are many explanations of how metaphors work but a common idea is that metaphor is somewhat like simile (e.g Reading that essay was like wading through mud) in

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that it involves the identification of resemblances, but that metaphor goes further by causing a transference, where properties are transferred from one concept to another.

Conceptually, metaphor is development of our language in our daily life. It is closely related with experience. Actually, indirectly we often create something strange word in our communication of our life. When a boy rescue a girl, that girl says to that boy "you are my hero". We like to compare something to something else that has equals characteristic.

George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) (in their book Metaphors we live by) described, "Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature." They explain how a metaphor simply understands and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. And they call this concept as conduit metaphor.

2.4.1 The Creation of Similarity of Metaphor

Saeed (2009) on his book semantic, 3rd ed. Say, Metaphor has traditionally been viewed as the most important from of figurative language use, and is usually seen as reaching its most sophisticated forms in literary or poetic language.

Up to George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) (in their book Metaphors we live by) we can summarize the ways in which metaphors create similarities as follows:

1. Conventional metaphors (orientational, ontological, and structural) are often based on correlations we perceive in our experience. For example, in

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an industrial culture such as ours there is a correlation between the amount of time a task takes and the amount of labor it takes to accomplish the task. This correlation is part of what allows us to view time and labor metaphorically as resources and hence to see a similarity between them. It is important to remember that correlations are not similarities. Metaphors that are based on correlations in our experience define concepts in terms of which we perceive similarities.

2. Conventional metaphors of the structural variety (e.g., ideas are food) may be based on similarities that arise out of orientation and ontological metaphors. As we saw, for example, IDEAS ARE FOOD is based on IDEAS ARE OBJECTS (ontological) and THE MIND IS A CONTAINER (ontological and orientational). A structural similarity between IDEAS and FOOD is induced by the metaphor and gives rise to metaphorical similarities (ideas and food can be swallowed, digested, and devoured, can provide nourishment, etc.).

3. New metaphors are mostly structural. They can create similarities in the same way as conventional metaphors that are structural. That is, they can be based on similarities that arise from ontological and orientation metaphors.

4. New metaphors, by virtue of their entailments, pick out a range of experiences by highlighting, downplaying, and hiding. The metaphor then characterizes a similarity between the entire range of highlighted experiences and some other range of experiences. For example, love is a collaborative work of art picks out a certain range of our love experiences

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and defines a structural similarity between the entire range of highlighted experiences and the range of experiences involved in producing collaborative works of art. There may be isolated similarities between love and art experiences that are independent of the metaphor, but the metaphor allows us to find coherence in these isolated similarities in terms of the overall structural similarities induced by the metaphor.

5. Similarities may be similarities with respect to a metaphor. As we saw, the love is a collaborative work of art metaphor defines a unique kind of similarity. For example, a frustrating love experience may be understood as being similar to a frustrating art experience not merely by virtue of being frustrating but as involving the kind of frus-tration peculiar to jointly producing works of art.

2.4.2 Classification of Metaphor

According to Goatly (1997:126), there are eight classification of metaphor as in following:

1) Live metaphor (active metaphor, creative metaphor, and novel metaphor) An active metaphor has close relationship between the main subject and modifier. It depends on the interaction of the vehicle and the particular topic, which are being referred to, and their grounds will consequently be variable according to the text. e.g. you are my moon. Here, my moon modifies the main subject you. But have close relationship in between.

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21 (2) Inactive metaphor (dead Metaphor)

Inactive metaphor is referred to directly through a conventional and fixed meaning of v-term and vehicle is available, but ill wired in parallel under normal processing, otherwise the topic concept so predictable. E.g. Red substitutes the bravery and strength. Here, the bravery and strength modifies the main subject red. The topic red refers to conventional meaning of the vehicle the bravery and strength.

(3) Subjective Metaphor

Subjective metaphor is the description of metaphor because the speaker has the different ideological or physical view of the word from the hearer or some which involve the presentation of another speaker‟s thought or representation. e.g. you are child to me. Here, child modifies the main subject „you‟

(4) Mimetic Metaphor

This metaphor extends to non verbal expression straying beyond linguistic text into visual aid plastic art. It demands the reader to imagine a word in which the assertions or descriptions are literally true. e.g. The stars had a smile on the sky. Here, a smile modifies the main subject the stars.

(5) Phenomenalistic Metaphor

Phenomenalistic metaphor is the use of language to refer to the real language, and in this ca se referring to an imaginary world. Its construal one must realize does simply apply to the portion of fictional texts that are anomalous in some way local metaphor. If the text is fictional then it will be consistently referring to an imaginary world. e.g. Lord of the flies as a reaction to the coral island. Here, lord of the flies modifies the main subject „a reaction‟

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22 (6) Precision Metaphor

It is the process or quality that is made more precise by being related through modification, to a specific first order identity. e.g. my cry for help was the cry of the rat when a terrier shakes it. Here, the cry of the rat modifies the main subject, my cry for help.

(7) Symbolism Metaphor

It is a particular kind of substitution of the interpretation. e.g. Do not count your chicken before they are hatched. Here, chicken is the substitution to interpret the meaning of the metaphor.

(8) Approximate Metaphor

Approximate metaphor is a kind of metaphor that uses the approximate number or expression to describe an action or thing. e.g. He puts in face in the water and half gulped, half eat it.

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3. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

3.1 Methods

Method of analysis is an important thing of scientific studies in analyzing the problems of research .It is important for a researcher to determine the research method that they would like to use in conducting a research. According to Sudaryanto (1993:9)., A method is a kind of systematical work plan in order to make the research work become easier, so that it can achieve its main purpose. There are some parts of data research of analysis method. Nawawi ( 1991: 30 ) divides types of research into three parts; laboratory research, library research, and field research.

In this chapter, the writer would like to explain the research method which is used by the writer of this paper. Research method is consist of research design, object of the research, data source, method of data collection, and method of data analysis.

3.2 Research Method 3.2.1 Research Design

This analysis will be conducted with descriptive qualitative research. Nawawi (1991:32) states that qualitative research uses the data which is used verbally and the qualification is theoretically. The data is not analyzed through the mathematical calculation but it is done rationally. It is defined as a description of observations in explanation term without calculation or numeric. In this research, the writer described the analysis of metaphor in psalm of bible focused in psalm

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of David and explained the meaning of the metaphor which is found in psalm of David.

3.2.2 Object of the Research

According to Arikunto (2002:102), population is the whole number of the subjects or people under observation in a research. Koentjaraningrat (1997:115) says that, population is the whole research data.

In this case, the population of this analysis research is all verse that contain metaphor in Psalm of Bible which is focused in Psalm of David in New King James Version Bible published by The Indonesian Bible Society. The researcher will take some verses of sections as the data viewed from the using of metaphor in psalm of David of Bible.

3.2.3 Data Sources

The sources of the data of this analysis research are the selected section and verses in Psalm of Bible which is focused in Psalm of David. The data are the verses which contain of Metaphor.

3.2.4 Method of Data Collection

According to Koentjaraningrat, documentation is a method used to get data about some variables like magazine, recording, book and letter (1985: 64). In this research, the writer use selected verses in Psalm of Bible which is focused in Psalm of David as the data source. Then, the writer takes the data focused on the use of Metaphor in Psalm of David.

Nawawi (1991:144) states that sample is a part of population to represent the whole population.

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25 3.2.5 Method of Data Analysis

There following procedures are the term of data analyzed: a. Data Collection

In this step the writer reads the Psalm of Bible. After that, the writer is selected Psalm of David as the object of research.

b. The identification

After collecting the data, the writer Search information about metaphor in books, find the metaphor in verses of Psalm of David.

c. Data Analysis

In this part, the writer only analyze about metaphor only that is found in Psalm of David. The writer collects all data and makes it in list and analyzes the meaning and gets the finding from the analysis.

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4. DATA FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 DATA FINDINGS

In this part, the writer will show the selected data of research which is taken from Psalm of Bible and focused in Psalm of David. These following are the selected data:

1. Psalm 3 : 3 But You, O Lord, are a shield for me, My glory and the One who lifts up my head.

2. Psalm 3 : 4 I cried to the Lord with my voice, And He heard me from His holy hill. Selah

3. Psalm 5 : 2 Give heed to the voice of my cry, My King and my God, For to You I will pray.

4. Psalm 5 : 9 For there is no faithfulness in their mouth; Their inward part is destruction; Their throat is an open tomb; They flatter with their tongue. 5. Psalm 7 : 10 My defense is of God, Who saves the upright in heart.

6. Psalm 7 : 11 God is a just judge, And God is angry with the wicked every day.

7. Psalm 8 : 5 For You have made him a little lower than the angels, And You have crowned him with glory and honor.

8. Psalm 8 : 6 You have made him to have dominion over the works of Your hands; You have put all things under his feet,

9. Psalm 9 : 9 The Lord also will be a refuge for the oppressed, A refuge in times of trouble.

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10.Psalm 9 : 11 Sing praises to the Lord, who dwells in Zion! Declare His deeds among the people.

11.Psalm 9 : 14 T hat I may tell of all Your praise In the gates of the daughter of Zion. I will rejoice in Your salvation.

12.Psalm 12 : 2 They speak idly everyone with his neighbor; With flattering lips and a double heart they speak.

13.Psalm 12 : 6 The words of the Lord are pure words, Like silver tried in a furnace of earth, Purified seven times.

14.Psalm 14 : 6 You shame the counsel of the poor, But the Lord is his refuge. 15.Psalm 14 : 7 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion!

When the Lord brings back the captivity of His people, Let Jacob rejoice and Israel be glad.

16.Psalm 16 : 5 O Lord, You are the portion of my inheritance and my cup; You maintain my lot.

17.Psalm 18 : 1 To the Chief Musician. A Psalm of David the servant of the Lord, who spoke to the Lord the words of this song on the day that the Lord delivered him from the hand of all his enemies and from the hand of Saul. And he said: I will love You, O Lord, my strength.

18.Psalm 18 : 2 The Lord is my rock and my fortress and my deliverer; My God, my strength, in whom I will trust; My shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.

19.Psalm 18 : 30As for God, His way is perfect; The word of the Lord is proven; He is a shield to all who trust in Him.

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20.Psalm 18 : 46 The Lord lives! Blessed be my Rock! Let the God of my salvation be exalted.

21.Psalm 19 : 14 Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart Be acceptable in Your sight, O Lord, my strength and my Redeemer.

22.Psalm 20 : 2 May He send you help from the sanctuary, And strengthen you out of Zion;

23.Psalm 23 : 1 A Psalm of David. The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. 24.Psalm 24 : 10 Who is this King of glory? The Lord of hosts, He is the King

of glory. Selah

25.Psalm 25 : 5 Lead me in Your truth and teach me, For You are the God of my salvation; On You I wait all the day.

26.Psalm 25 : 10 All the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth, To such as keep His covenant and His testimonies.

27.Psalm 26 : 10 In whose hands is a sinister scheme, And whose right hand is full of bribes.

28.Psalm 27 : 1 A Psalm of David. The Lord is my light and my salvation; Whom shall I fear? The Lord is the strength of my life; Of whom shall I be afraid?

29.Psalm 28 : 9 Save Your people, And bless Your inheritance; Shepherd them also, And bear them up forever.

30.Psalm 29 : 4 The voice of the Lord is powerful; The voice of the Lord is full of majesty.

31.Psalm 32 : 4 For day and night Your hand was heavy upon me; My vitality was turned into the drought of summer. Selah

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32.Psalm 32 : 7 You are my hiding place; You shall preserve me from trouble; You shall surround me with songs of deliverance. Selah

33.Psalm 34 : 10 The young lions lack and suffer hunger; But those who seek the Lord shall not lack any good thing.

34.Psalm 35 : 17. Lord, how long will You look on? Rescue me from their destructions, My precious Life from the lions.

35.Psalm 36 : 6 Your righteousness is like the great mountains; Your judgments are a great deep; O Lord, You preserve man and beast.

36.Psalm 36 : 8 They are abundantly satisfied with the fullness of Your house, And You give them drink from the river of Your pleasures.

37.Psalm 36 : 9 For with You are the fountain of life; In Your light we see light.

38.Psalm 39 : 3 My heart was hot within me; While I was musing, the fire burned. Then I spoke with my tongue:

39.Psalm 39 : 11 When with rebukes You correct man for iniquity, You make his beauty melt away likea moth; Surely every man is vapor. Selah

40.Psalm 40 : 2 He also brought me up out of a horrible pit, Out of the miry clay, And set my feet upon a rock, And established my steps.

41.Psalm 53 : 6 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion! When God brings back the captivity of His people, Let Jacob rejoice and Israel be glad.

42.Psalm 55 : 21 The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, But war was in his heart; His Words were softer than oil, Yet they were drawn swords.

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43.Psalm 57 : 1 To the Chief Musician. Set to 'Do Not Destroy.' A Michtam of David when he fled fromSaul into the cave.Be merciful to me, O God, be merciful to me! For my soul trusts in You; And in the shadow of Your wings I will make my refuge, Until these calamities have passed by.

44.Psalm 57 : 4 My soul is among lions; I lie among the sons of men Who are set on fire, Whose teeth are spears and arrows, And their tongue a sharp sword.

45.Psalm 58 : 6 Break their teeth in their mouth, O God! Break out the fangs of the young lions, O Lord!

46.Psalm 59 : 9 I will wait for You, O You his Strength; For God is my defense;

47.Psalm 59 : 17 To You, O my Strength, I will sing praises; For God is my defense, My God of mercy.

48.Psalm 60 : 7 Gilead is Mine, and Manasseh is Mine; Ephraim also is the helmet for My head; Judah is My lawgiver.

49.Psalm 60 : 8 Moab is My washpot; Over Edom I will cast My shoe; Philistia, shout in triumph because of Me."

50.Psalm 61 : 3 For You have been a shelter for me, A strong tower from the enemy.

51.Psalm 62 : 7 In God is my salvation and my glory; The rock of my strength, And my refuge, is in God.

52.Psalm 62 : 9 Surely men of low degree are a vapor, Men of high degree are a lie; If they are Weighed on the scales, They are altogether lighter than vapor.

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53.Psalm 63 : 10 They shall fall by the sword; They shall be a portion for jackals.

54.Psalm 64 : 6 They devise iniquities: "We have perfected a shrewd scheme." Both the inward thought and the heart of man are deep.

55.Psalm 68 : 5 A father of the fatherless, a defender of widows, Is God in His holy habitation.

56.Psalm 68 : 23 They have seen Your procession, O God, The procession of my God, my King, into The sanctuary.

57.Psalm 69 : 4Those who hate me without a cause Are more than the hairs of my head; They are mighty who would destroy me, Being my enemies wrongfully; Though I have stolen nothing, I still must restore it.

58.Psalm 69 : 12 Those who sit in the gate speak against me, And I am the song of the drunkards.

59.Psalm 101 : 4 A perverse heart shall depart from me; I will not know wickedness.

60.Psalm 103 : 14 For He knows our frame; He remembers that we are dust. 61.Psalm 108 : 4 For Your mercy is great above the heavens, And Your truth

reaches to the clouds.

62.Psalm 110 : 1 A Psalm of David. The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at My right hand, Till I make Your enemies Your footstool."

63.Psalm 110 : 2 The Lord shall send the rod of Your strength out of Zion. Rule in the midst of Your enemies!

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32 4.2 DATA ANALYSIS

The source data to be analyzed are taken from the Psalm of Holy Bible and the selected Psalm is Psalm of David. The writer will be analyzed the data based on Metaphor according to Keraf ( 1998:19 ). Keraf says metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly, metaphor as a direct compression which does not use the word: like, as, if so that the first thing is directly to relieve to the second.In this paper, the writer found many figurative languages in Psalm of David. That’s why we have to find the figurative meaning to get the proper or suitable understanding of the sentence in verse of Psalm of David.

TABLE

Data analysis of metaphor in selected verses of Psalm of David

NO _{TEXT SOURCE} _METAPHOR

TARGET

MEANING

1 But You, O Lord, are a shield for me, My glory and the One who lifts up my head.

a shield , My glory and the One who lifts up my head

As we know shield is a thing which human use as a instrument to protection from any danger.God is compared with Shield. Shield is a large piece of metal, wood, etc. something that defends or protects someone or something. Metaphorically, God is Shield. God is a place to take shelter. We will be safe in God. He assured our salvation and

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protects us from all dangerous. It means ability of God to protect us.

2 And He heard me from His holy hill.

Holy hill The phrase holy hill is a symbol. It refers to place of God. Where the Lord sits down and lives to watch us. When we see the literal meaning from the Meriam Webster dictionary, hill means a usually rounded area of land that is higher than the land around it but that is not as high as a mountain. Holy hill represent symbol of heaven, place of God.where God stay and live there. The heaven is compared with hill, because as we know, hill represent high and big object, hill also have very strong and sturdy character and very beautiful. Holy means pure, spotless, there is no handicap, it is perfect. This matter show characteristic of very beautiful

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heaven, holy, big, strength and sturdy. It symbolizes the place full of love; there is no hated mind, grace and mercy. So, the power of lethal cannot touch empire of heaven.

3 Give heed to the voice of my cry, My King and my God

My King In this sentence, God is compared with king. As we know, king is the most someone who has big power and has influence, king also a strong man, and represent a leader. It is a symbol of God. He is owner and creator entire of world content. He who has throne in empire of heaven and as government in the world. God top kick arrange life of His people. God have rights of human life and all decision there is in God hand.

4 For there is no faithfulness in their mouth; Their

Their inward part is destruction;

There are two metaphors in this verse. The first metaphor is Their inward part is destruction.

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35 inward part is

destruction; Their throat is an open tomb;

Their throat is an open tomb;

Metaphorically, This symbolized unrighteous someone and does not has good attitude. Their brain always think bad things.The second metaphor is their throat is an open tomb. Literally, we can see that according to dictionary by Meriam Webster, tomb is a building or chamber above or below the ground in which a dead body is kept. Grave is carcass place or dead body. Meanwhile, throat is the tube inside the neck that leads to the stomach and lungs’ the front part of the neck. But metaphorically it is a symbol about people who take a fancy to rot. Do not like to say downrightly. it device of people who eat ill gotten food and work from illicit way.

5 My defense is of God, Who saves the upright in heart.

My defense is of God

Literally, according to Oxford dictionary defense means protection against attack, the act

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of protecting something from attack, criticism, etc. And metaphorically, God is shelter from all danger. He will save His oppressed people. The help will directly solve our problems because God understands and knows what we need and His help never be late. He will make all right in that time.

6 God is a just judge, And God is angry with the wicked every day

God is a just judge

The word judge means someone who determines right act and wrong act. If we see the literal meaning from the Meriam Webster dictionary, word judge means a person who has the power to make decision on cases brought before a court of law: a person who decides the winner in a contest or competition: a person who makes a decision or judgment. So, in this verse means God has power to make decisions and gives a

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punishment. He is wise and a fair God in seeing every case. God see what we do, good and or bad. There's nothing hidden for Him. He knows all truth.

7 You have crowned him with glory and honor.

Crowned him with glory and honor.

In literal meaning, crown means a decorative object that is shaped like a circle and worn on the head of a king or queen for special ceremony. We know a crown is precious. Not all of people can have it. But figuratively, That clause is compared with the lovingkindness of Lord to human. And in that clause God is crowned us with glory and honor. Our God really love us. He never underestimates His people. He create human being draw with Himself. Even He volunteer gives His soul to redeem human sin and save them from hell. 8 You have put all put all things This clause is also compared

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38 things under his

feet,

under his feet, with the lovingkindness of Lord to human. Metaphorically, this clause means God give right to human to use all His creation. God award brain for human being to think. So that human can explore natural resources to fullfill requirement of human because God is very loves us, His people.

9 The Lord also will be a refuge for the oppressed, A refuge in times of trouble.

a refuge for the oppressed, A refuge in times of trouble.

The Word of refuge is a symbol which is compared with God. According to Meriam Webster dictionary word refuge means shelter or protection from danger or trouble: a place that provides shelter or protection. It is same like personality of our God. God will always become a save place to people who trust and hope to Him. His Kindliness has never changed. He will remain to take care of His people.

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39 Lord, who dwells

in Zion!

Zion! Zion!' symbolizes the heaven, it a place of God to reside. The city that God has prepared for the people trust in God and to the faithful people. Sion is peaceful place for the people of God choice.

11 That I may tell of all Your praise In the gates of the daughter of Zion

In the gates of the daughter of Zion

This clause is belonging to the metaphor; because this clause is intend to symbolize the gate of Heaven. Daughter of Sion mean all resident of Israel who also represent symbol of God’s people, they are who trust in name of Jesus Christ.

12 They speak idly everyone with his neighbor; with flattering lips and a double heart they speak.

Flattering lips and a double heart.

There are two metaphors in this verse. Flattering lips is a phrase which is compared to someone

cleverness in talk. Metaphorically, flattering lips means someone who can assure others and make people trust to he/she word but he/she do not say as downright as, they tell

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beautiful things but its fact on the contrary. Meanwhile, double heart is compared to someone that unfaithfully people, someone who has cunning mind and plans bad things and also represent character of unbelievable people. 13 The words of the

Lord are pure words

pure words As we know pure is clearest condition, it is a clear something, nature and free from dust. According to Meriam Webster dictionary word pure is not mixed with anything else: clean and not harmful in any way: having a smooth and clear sound that is not mixed with other sounds. Metaphorically, Words of God is compared with pure words. Word of God is real correct word, and only containing about truth, it is not defect and God will not impinge His promise. He surely coincide all of His word.

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41 14 But the Lord is his

refuge

Lord is his refuge

According to Meriam Webster dictionary word refuge means shelter or protection from danger or trouble: a place that provides shelter or protection As we know the Word of refuge is a protection place. It is a symbol which is compared with God. It is same like personality of our God. God become benefactor for every problem. He always have the way to help, he always have the way of inscrutable in every overcoming the problem of human being. There's nothing imposible to Him.

15 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion!

come out of Zion

Sion is device for Place of God, or for the people of Allah, where God stay with them. And Place of God shade together with people who love him and following God’s way by their heart and do not manipulate.

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42 portion of my

inheritance and my cup

inheritance and my cup

inheritance and my cup is a symbol of God. Literally, inheritance means he money, property, etc. that you receive from somebody when they die; the fact of receiving something when somebody dies. And cup means a small container shaped like a bowl, usually with a handle, used for drinking tea, coffe, etc. Metaphorically, God is compared to very precious things. The most valuable thing, uncountable price. This symbolizes God help and God kindliness is very amazing. It is unpredicable price. God is a victory device for every people. When we get Jesus Christ, we have got altogether, if we trust to Him. Even we on a trial, and in difficult adversity, we do not be fear because God along with us. We have to trust in God, He will

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give abundance blessing for us. 17 I will love You, O

Lord, my strength.

My strength In this verse, God is symbolized as strength of human. God is strength for every one who require. God have never left His people. He devoted to always help and become arm rest to every weak people.

18 The Lord is my rock and my fortress and my deliverer; My God, my strength, in whom I will trust; My shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.

My rock, my fortress, my deliverer, my strength, my shield, and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.

There are seven symbols that are compared with God in this verse. The words rock, fortress, deliever, strength, shield, horn of salvation and stronghold are kinds of symbol of God. The real meaning of rock is the hard solid material that forms part of the surface of the earth and some other planet. Literally, fortress means a building or place that hass been made stronger and protected against attack, deliverer means someone who gives somebody or something to somebody else so that they are

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under this person’s control. Strength means the quality of being physically strong. Shield means a large piece of metal or leather carried by soldiers in the past to protect the body when fightin. And stronghold means an area in which there is a lot of support for a particular belief or group of people, especially a political party. Metaphorically, tohose symbol means God has strong power and awful. There is nothing can contest strength of God. He is Omnipoten God. It means God always can solve every human's problems. He will not let us in our problem. His Love as devoted as everlasting forever.God is also compared with horn of my salvation. Literally, according to Oxford dictionary horn means a hard pointed part that grows, usually

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in pairs, on the heads of some animals, such as sheep, and cows. Horns are often curved. Figuratively it means Jesus becomes the Leader of human who brings all the people to the Salvation from the Lord through His suffering in the world. God volunteer give His soul, because He really love us. So that, He is crucified to redeem human's sin and save them from lethal.So, those phrases are to symbolize the action of God.

19 As for God, His way is perfect; The word of the Lord is proven; He is a shield to all who trust Him.

The word of the Lord is proven;

Literally, the word proven deals with anything that is good, holy, and honest. It is related to compare the characteristic or quality of word of the Lord. God has never impinged His promise. He surely coincide every His promise. Word of God is never wrong.

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46 Blessed be my

Rock! Let the God of my salvation be exalted.

Rock! metaphor before. As we know our God has strong power and awful. There is nothing can contest strength of God. He is Omnipoten God. He always can solve every human's problem. He will not let us in our problem. 21 Let the words of

my mouth and the meditation of my

heart Be

acceptable in Your sight, O Lord, my strength and my Redeemer.

My heart be acceptable in Your sight,

In this verse, if we read the sentence, we will find the clause ‘Be acceptable in Your sight’. If it is interpreted literally, according to Oxford dictionary acceptable means agreed or approved of by most people in a society and sight means the ability to see, when we read the literal meaning of that verse that is our heart will sit down in the God’s sight and also means at God’s part of body, the meaning have no sense. Figuratively, the phrase is a symbol. The phrase ‘acceptable in your sight’ symbolizes the precious position

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in God’s House that is heaven. So, that clause is the compared with the precious position in the heaven. If we close to God, We will feel happy and full of peace and we will feel His affection in our daylife.

22 May He send you help from the sanctuary, And strengthen you out of Zion;

The Sanctuary Again in this verse the word ‘Sanctuary’ is a kind of symbol. Literally, Sanctuary means an area where wild birds or animals are protected and encourage breeding. Here, Sanctuary is compared with the Heaven Palace, which is a place of God. It describes how high and holy the Place of Jesus is. He is nobler than the entire things in the world.

23 The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want

The Lord is my shepherd

Literally shepherd means someone who keeps and takes care of his livestock. A shepherd always gives food to his livestock and save them from

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dangerous. But metaphorically, for this verse, shepherd explains God personality, Who is Responsible, care us, love us and bring us to right place and keep us from evil. He willingly crucified to atone for human sin. Because Lord does not want us falling in devil’s hand. He likes to save us from death to everlasting life. Our Lord very love us, we are his.

24 Who is this King of Glory ? The Lord of hosts, He is the King of glory.

King of glory The phrase ‘King of glory’ is a symbol.

It is to symbolize God's personality and describe blessing of the Lord for human, so He deliver His only Son, that is Jesus Christ to become human being and crucified as ransom of human's sin.The writer concludes it as metaphor because this verse compares a kind of king (king of glory).

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49 25 Lead me in Your

truth and teach me, For You are the God of my salvation

You are the God of my salvation

In this verse ‘God of my salvation’ is a kind of symbol. It is symbol of God’s personality. Figuratively, the meaning is Allah comes to the world in the form of human, and He called Jesus Christ. He volunteer deliver His soul and crucified above wood crucify as ransom of human sins, to be they save from lethal (hell).

26 All the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth, To such as keep His covenant and His testimonies.

All the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth

There are two symbols that are compared with two essential things in God’s paths. The first is mercy; mercy is the symbol of the basic principles of God’s paths. The way to follow God is we have to loving each other. There is no reason to be vindictive and revenge. We have to reciprocate badness with kindliness.The second term that is used is truth. As non-literally,

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it symbolizes character in following God. God always teach the truth. We have to do good act in our life and follow all His commemoration and do not impinge His order.

27 In whose hands is a sinister scheme, And whose right hand is full of bribes.

Whose hands is

a sinister scheme, right hand is full of bribes.

In this verse, there are two things that symbolising the characteristic wicked people who againts Allah. First, whose hands is a sinister scheme. Figuratively, it means People who like to do lowly deed and everything that God’s hate. Second, right hand is full of bribes. It means act of people who like to conduct inequitable action and insincere. 28 A Psalm of David.

The Lord is my light and my salvation

The Lord is my light and my salvation

In this verse, God is symbolized with two things. Light and rescuer.Literary, light means the energy from the sun, a lamp, etc. that makes it possible to see things. Figuratively, it means Light is good thing. So, Allah

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dissociates light and darkness, goodness with badness. God is indicator of truth and bring us to the kindness for will always give happiness and peace. Second, salvation. This means, God becomes guarantee to human for live in gladness and peaceful life. Because human have been saved from within lethal into everlasting life.

29 Save Your people, And bless Your inheritance;

Shepherd them also, And bear them up forever.

Shepherd them There is a verb of this verse as a metaphor of God’s work. In dictionary, shepherd is a person whose job is to take care of sheep. Figuratively, it means Jesus; the God will take care of us and bring us to life. He will always look after our life, which bless our life with abundance blessing and take care of us from all devil's trouble.

30 The voice of the Lord is powerful;

The voice of the Lord is full of

There is a symbol that is compared with essential things in

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52 The voice of the

Lord is full of majesty.

majesty. God’s words in this verse. It is majesty, according to the Oxford dictionary, majesty means the impressive and attractive quality that something has. But as non-literally, it is the symbol of the God’s oracles, His words. This verse explains God's word have power. Every His word will be done. It is the same as like he create world. He needn't be tired to make the perfect world. He is only conducting it just with utterance, hence all of that becoming.

31 For day and night Your hand was heavy upon me; My vitality was turned into the drought of summer.

My vitality was turned into the drought of summer.

In this verse, My vitality was turned into the drought of summer is compared with feeling of someone who get punishment from God for their sins which they do.

32 You are my hiding place; You shall preserve me from

You are my hiding place

In this verse, God is analogy as shelter. It means symbol of God personality. The Safety is only in

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53 trouble; You shall

surround me with

songs of deliverance.

God. When we have big problem and despair, God will become entertainer for us and give glad, peace and blessing for us.

33 The young lions lack and suffer hunger; But those who seek the Lord shall not lack any good thing.

The young lions lack and suffer hunger

Literary, in Oxford dictionary Lion means a large wide cat that lives mainly in Africa. Figuratively, the word young lions is a kind of symbol. It refers to people who not afraid to God. They are people who do not have pleasure in God.

34 Lord, how long will You look on? Rescue me from their destructions, My precious Life from the lions.

My precious Life from the lions.

According to the Meriam Webster dictionary that the meaning of the word lion is a large wide cat that lives mainly in Africa. The lion is a symbol of human's enemy, devil. Devil is arch-enemy of human. He always try to make human become sinner in variously way, the devil often use human who does not follow God seriously to destroy

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life of God's people. 35 Your righteousness

is like the great mountains; Your judgments are a great deep;

Your judgments are a great deep

There is a symbol that is compared with essential things in God’s works in this verse. it is great deep, according to the Meriam Webster dictionary deep means having a large distance to the bottom from the surface or highest point: going far inward from the outside or the front edge of something: located far inside something.But as non-literally, it is the symbol of the God’s works, His judgement.This verse explain God is a fair judge. No one can againt law of God. There is no one who can change it.

36 They are

abundantly satisfied with the fullness of Your house, And You give them drink from the river of Your

The river of Your pleasures.

In this verse, the phrase ‘The river of your pleasure is a kind of symbol of blessed from God. Literally, according to Meriam Webster dictionary, river means a large natural flow of water that crosses an area of land and goes

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pleasures. into an ocean, a lake, etc. but

metaphorically, in this verse it means God's blessing is always continuing in human life. God will never stop to blessing in human life. He will give all the best for human.

37 For with You are the fountain of life; In Your light we see light.

You are the fountain of life

The phrase ‘fountain of life’ is a kind of symbol of God’s personality. In Oxford dictionary fountain means a structure from which water is sent up into the air by a pump, used to decorate parks and gardens/yards.. Metaphorically, it means God give a life to human. He exhale his breath to make human live. As we know, God is the creator of human and all things in this world. He create human of dirt, and human get life from soul of God. Human does not live without God in their life.

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56 within me; While I

was musing, the fire burned.

hot heart was hot is a device of human soul. Logically, heart of human can not feel heat like human hit by fire. Metaphorically, this means jumpy human because of existing grief in their life. This is a comparison about Feeling of human who does not have peace, because they have so many grief and harsh test in their life.

39 Surely every man is vapor.

Every man is vapor.

In this verse, word vapor means a device of personality of human. In Oxford Dictionary word vapor means a mass of very smallest drops of liquid in the air, for example steam: water vapour. Metaphorically, this means human is not something without existence of God. Human life is only whereas. All things that human has is nothing, it is not. The endless and everlasting is only God. Human does not need

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to be arrogant to what they have, because all that things are properties of God.

40 He also brought me up out of a horrible pit, Out of the miry clay, And set my feet upon a rock, And established my steps

set my feet upon a rock

The clause set my feet upon a rock is a symbol of God’s help. Writer concludes that it is a metaphora. Because clause the set rock a upon feet my is a comparison of way of God in saving human from all dangers.Literally, rock means the hard solid material that forms part of the surface of the earth and some other palnets. Metaphorically, God will always set His people in the most peaceful place.He will never let His people in sorrow. God will strenght our heart and give us peaceful and grace. Because God is always help us.

41 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of

tha the salvation of Israel

In this verse, Israel is a symbol of selected people of God. Literally, Israel means kingdom in ancient

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Zion! Palestine comprising the lands

occupied by the Hebrew people: country SW Asia bordering on the Mediteranian; a republic established 1948, Jesrusa;em area

7993 square miles. Metaphorically Israel means People who follow Jesus and believe Yesus is God, Allah who become human, comes to the world to cath siner and save them from their sin by death in crucifix wood. Israel is device of people who trust to Yesus as God and savior. it is not mean only nation of Israel who get salvation of God but every person who trust in Jesus.

42 The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, But war was in his heart; His Words were

The words of his mouth were smoother than butter.

His Words were softer than oil.

In this verse, there are three things that symbolized word of wicked; those are they who are unconvinced to God. First, The words of his mouth were smoother than butter. Their word

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59 softer than oil, Yet

they were drawn swords.

Yet they were drawn swords.

is compared to slipperier than the butter. Second, his Words were softer than oil. This sentence also a symbol of word of people who do not afraid to God. Third, word of people who againt the Lord is compared with drawn sword. Metaphorically, this means they like tell a lie. They are the expert in cheating and tell a lie. They able to influence other by their words. But them have bad intention and destroy others. Their word sounds good but not practically. They are only wishing to drop and make others suffer.

43 Be merciful to me, O God, be merciful to me! For my soul trusts in You; And in the shadow of Your wings I will

in the shadow of Your wings

The phrase in the shadow of Your wings is a symbol of God. In this verse, God has wings, but it is not mean, if God is like a Bird. This is only a comparison that we will be saved and

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make my refuge comfort in God protection. We sure can face all problem if God along us. He will help us; God can do it.

44 My soul is among lions; I lie among the sons of men Who are set on fire, Whose teeth are spears and arrows, And their tongue a sharp sword.

My soul is among lions. Sons of men Who are set on fire.

In this verse, there are two metaphors which symbolized about demon. First, in fact, the soul of that human is not really among lion. And soul has no figure or form. Metaphorically, it means someone who does not feel peace or happy. Someone who feel fear and jumpy. And in this case, devil does not show its form directly. But they continue to try to make someone suffer by use others human. Second, sons of men who are set on fire, the sons of men which in intention are all team of cruel demons and they are very virulent. They are creature which always wish human fall into sin and propagate grief to human.

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61 45 Break out the fangs

of the young lions, O Lord!

the fangs of the young lions

Actually, the fangs of the young lion is part of Lion body which in there sharp and sharply tooth. But metaphorically, it is a kind of symbol of Demon weapon. Demon also has weapon and ability to mastering and grinding human. But our God has more power in command to break evil power, demon power and defeat them. God is undefeated and unbeaten. Power of God will break demons.

46 I will wait for You, O You his Strength; For God is my defense

God is my defense

Literally, in Meriam Webster dictionary defense means the act of defending someone or something from attack: something that is used to protect yourself, your country, etc. In this verse, God is compared with defense. It means human life will be saved in God. Nothing; There is no power of badness which can reach God people. Because God

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is always with us, surround us. We are never alone in all our problems. God always provide punctual help in the right time. 47 To You, O my

Strength, I will sing praises; For God is my defense, My God of mercy.

My God of mercy.

In this verse, the phrase ‘God of mercy’ is a kind of symbol of God’s characteristic. It symbolizes God is full of love; there is no hated mind, grace and mercy. When we see the literal meaning from the Meriam Webster dictionary, Mercy means kind of forgiving treatment of someone who could be treated harshly: kindness or help given to people who are in a very bad or desperate situation. In conclusion, it is a symbol of the God’s characteristic. God always forgive human sin. Though we are full of sin, we often do despicable deed and impinge all prohibition order of God, God is never hate us. He will always

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APPENDIX

SUMMARY OF PSALM

Scroll of Psalm

Origins

The Book of Psalms םיִלִּהְתּ or םיליהתTehi commonly referred to simply as Psalms or "the Psalms", is the first book of the from the Greek translation, ψαλμοίpsalmoi, meaning "instrumental music" and, by extension, "the words accompanying the music." The book is a individual more in the Eastern Christian churches.Many of the psalms are linked to the name of

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The composition of the psalms spans at least five centuries, from transposed into a hymn to God, to others which are clearly from the post-Exilic period. The majorities originated in the souther associated with the Temple in Jerusalem, where they probably functioned as there are indications in some of them: "Bind the festal procession with branches, up to the horns of the altar," suggests a connection with sacrifices, and "Let my prayer be counted as incense" suggests a connection with the offering of incense.

King David and the Psalms

Seventy-three of the 150 psalms in the Bible are attributed to Ki one of thea) attributes 3600 tehilim (songs of praise)

plus other compositions to him

Davidic authorship of any of them

historical fact by modern scholars," not "confirm[ed] the divine inspiration and authority" of the writings by linking them to well-known biblical figures

Nine Psalms are attributed to David elsewhere in the Bible:

•

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•

is by David

•

this passage is stated to be by David.

•

Psalm 110 to David.

•

Benedictions

The Book of Psalms is divided into five sections, each closing with a doxology (i.e., a final editors to imitate the five-fold division of the

• Book 1 (Psalms 1–41)

• Book 2 (Psalms 42–72)

• Book 3 (Psalms 73–89)

• Book 4 (Psalms 90–106)

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85 Numbering

Hebrew numbering

Greek numbering

1–8 1–8

9–10 9

11–113 10–112

114–115 113

116 114–115

117–146 116–145

147 146–147

148–150 148–150

Psalms are usually identified by a sequence number, often preceded by the abbreviation "Ps." Numbering of the Psalms differs—mostly by one digit, see table—between the Hebrew but other Christian traditions vary:

•

• Catholic modern translations often use the Hebrew numbering (noting the Greek number)

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86 Poetic characteristics

Th Parallelism is a kind of

repetition, synonyms, or opposites

expressing essentially the same idea. An example of synonymous parallelism:

• The LORD is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? The LORD is the stronghold of my life; of whom shall I be afraid? (Psalm 27:1)

Two lines expressing opposites is known as example of antithetic parallelism:

• The LORD watches over the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish. (Psalm 1:6)

Themes

Most individual psalms involve the praise of God – for his power and beneficence, for his creation of the world, and for his past acts of deliverance for Israel. The psalms envision a world in which everyone and everything will praise God, and God in turn will hear their prayers and respond. Worst of all is when God "hides his face" and refuses to respond, because this puts in question the assumption of the Book of Psalms

Some psalms are called "maskil" (maschil) because in addition they impart wisdom. Most notable of these is Psalm 142 which is sometimes called the

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"Maskil of David", others include Psalm 32 and Psalm from maskilmeaning "enlightened" or "wise".

For the remainder of this article, the Hebrew numbering is used, unless otherwise noted.The variance betw numeration is likely enough due to a gradual neglect of the original poetic form of the Psalms; such neglect was occasioned by liturgical uses and carelessness of copyists. It is admitted by all that Pss. 9 and 10 were originally a single acrostic poem; they have been wrongly separated by Massorah, rightly united by the Septuagint and Vulgate. On the other hand Ps. 144 is made up of two songs — verses 1–11 and 12–15.Pss. 42 and 43 are shown by identity of subject (yearning for the house of Jahweh), of metrical structure and of refrain (cf. Heb. Ps. 42:6, 12; 43:5), to be three strophes of one and the same poem. The Hebrew text is correct in counting as one Ps. 146 and Ps. 147. Later liturgical usage would seem to have split up these and not a few other psalms. Zenner combines into what he deems were the original choral odes: Pss. 1, 2, 3, 4; 6 + 13; 9 + 10; 19, 20, 21; 156 + 157; 69 + 70; 114 + 115; 148, 149, 150 been the original form of Pss. 14 + 70. The two strophes and the epode are Ps. 14; the two antistrophes are Ps. 70. It is noteworthy that, on the breaking up of the original ode, each portion crept twice into the Psalter: Ps. 14 = 53, Ps. 70 = 40:14– 18. Other such duplicated psalms are Ps. 108:2–6 = Ps. 57:8–12; Ps. 108:7–14 = Ps. 60:7–14; Ps. 71:1–3 = Ps. 31:2–4. This loss of the original form of some of the psalms is allowed by the Biblical Commission (1 May 1910) to have been due to liturgical uses, neglect of copyists, or other causes.

Analysis Of Metaphor In Psalm Section 1 To 119 Of Bible