Opportunities to meet future market demands
Chapter 1. Introduction
Utilisation and conservation of farm animal genetic resources 23 Wars, political instabilities, diseases and natural disasters destroy not only populations of local breeds but oten the whole infrastructure for breeding is lost.6.2. Opportunities
Besides threats, several opportunities can be found to use farm animal genetic resources Oldenbroek, 2006: When a breed or a line is exploited in a viable livestock system it is oten managed and developed by a breeding company or an organisation of breeders. In the modern breeding schemes the conservation of the genetic diversity can and should be taken into account and should be optimised in combination with selection for the desired traits. hese optimisation techniques are well developed and efective and will be described in chapter 8. Grazing animals, particularly local and well adapted breeds of sheep, cattle and horses can play an important role in nature management. Where appropriate, this role ofers a great opportunity for the conservation of the herbivore species as large numbers of animals are potentially involved. he development of organic farming ofers an opportunity for the conservation of the recently developed dual purpose breeds. In many cases these breeds are set aside from the intensive livestock systems. However, they it better in the production goals of organic farming than intensively selected breeds or crossbreds. he development and production of special regional products in natural environments for niche markets ofers the possibility to use native breeds and to make them proitable again. Hobbyists play a very important role in the utilisation and conservation of the between breed variation in chicken, horse, sheep, goat and cattle.7. Conservation methods to be applied
heoretically, three types of conservation can be applied FAO, 2006: In situ conservation, deined as conservation of livestock through continued use by livestock keepers in the agro-ecosystem in which the livestock evolved or are now normally found includes breeding programmes. his method of conservation is to be preferred. All objectives of conservation can be reached the best and it ofers possibilities for utilisation. Besides, the development of the breed can continue and it facilitates adaptation to changing circumstances. However, the risks of inbreeding and random drit have to receive full attention in the breeding schemes of these oten small populations. Ex situ in vivo conservation, deined as conservation through maintenance of live populations not kept under normal farm conditions andor outside of the area in • • • • • • • •Parts
» utilisation and conservation of farm animal genetic resources
» Challenges for food production in livestock systems
» Changes in livestock systems
» Cattle Consequences for the use of species and breeds
» Introduction utilisation and conservation of farm animal genetic resources
» Opportunities to meet future market demands
» Insurance against future changes in production circumstances
» Insurance against the loss of resources with a high strategic value
» Cultural and historic reasons
» History of initiatives to stop genetic erosion at global and regional levels
» Threats Opportunities and threats for farm animal genetic resources
» Conservation methods to be applied
» National governments Stakeholders for in vivo and in vitro conservation programs
» Objectives in conservation and utilisation of farm animal genetic resources
» Techniques Strategies for moving from conservation to utilisation
» Options for utilisation of self-sustaining local breeds
» Strategies for moving from conservation to utilisation
» Cryoconservation Strategies for moving from conservation to utilisation
» Costs Strategies for moving from conservation to utilisation
» Making the decision Strategies for moving from conservation to utilisation
» Introduction What is genetic diversity?
» Sub-populations and evolutionary forces
» The use of pedigree for measuring diversity
» The impact of DNA information
» Genome-wide patterns of diversity
» Measuring changes in diversity
» Relating diversity measures to F and ΔF
» Conclusion What is genetic diversity?
» Genomics reveals domestication history and facilitates breed development
» Marker and sequence information
» Detection of selection How have the events in breed history modified the genetic variation?
» Prediction of heterosis using genetic distances
» Conclusions Genomics reveals domestication history and facilitates breed development
» Why measure genetic diversity?
» Genetic distances Genetic distances, F-statistics and kinships
» Measuring genetic diversity in farm animals
» Weitzman diversity Weitzman and Core set diversities
» Genetic distances, kinships and conservation decisions
» Concluding remarks Measuring genetic diversity in farm animals
» Introduction Selection of breeds for conservation
» What are the objectives of a conservation effort?
» Is the risk-strategy efficient for the selection of breeds?
» Is the maximum-diversity-strategy efficient for the selection of breeds?
» Selection of breeds for conservation
» Is the maximum-utility-strategy efficient for the selection of breeds?
» What are the practical aspects?
» Inbreeding and inbreeding rate
» Genetic contributions Genetic contributions and inbreeding
» Optimum designs Minimising ΔF in conservation schemes
» Genetic contributions and inbreeding
» Optimum contributions: The problem
» Predicting ΔF Genetic contributions and inbreeding
» Guidelines for best practice
» The effective population size
» Operation of conservation schemes
» Cryo-conservation schemes Operation of conservation schemes
» General aspects Integrating live and cryoconservation
» Cryo-back-up live conservation schemes
» Existing global regulations Practical implications of utilisation and management
» Practical implications of utilisation and management
» An example of a national action plan for utilisation and management
» Economic considerations Practical implications of utilisation and management
» Utilisation and conservation of genetic diversity
» Monitoring role for the national managers
» Sustainable breeding schemes Practical implications of utilisation and management
» Future policies for animal genetic resources
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