47
be John’s alibi while John does the robbery. He will get £10,000 as the payment of
being John’s alibi.
In the case of John Bentley, there are five cases indicating the id, nine cases indicating the ego, and four cases indicating superego. From the analysis, the ego
becomes the dominant aspect in solving his dilemma. After thinking for many times, John agrees to do the robbery.
5.2 Suggestion
Reading literature will enrich the literary knowledge of the readers. The writer hopes this analysis will enrich the knowledge about literature especially novel. This
analysis is expected to make the readers more interested in understanding novel. Beside that, this analysis will add knowledge of the reader about Freud’s
psychoanalytic theory that can be used to understand human characters. Hopefully by reading and understanding this analysis, it will be valuable
experience for the readers. The writer would like to suggest the readers to do another research about psychological approach especially psychoanalysis on other subjects
such as poem, play and another novel. The writer also needs any correction and suggestions to this thesis because the
writer does realize and understand that nobody is perfect and the writer has limited knowledge on finishing this thesis.
Last but not least, hopefully the readers can get better understanding about dilemma. The writer wishes it can help the readers in getting better knowledge about
how to deal with dilemma in their life. And it inspires the readers who are interested in studying about dilemma to use more reliable sources to make a better analysis of
dilemma.
6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. A Bief Description of Dilemma
The word dilemma comes from Greek dilēmma, from di-meanstwice + lēmma
means premise in early 16th century denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavourable alternatives.At its core, a dilemma is a
situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives. More informally, it can mean a difficult situation or problem as in the insoluble
dilemma of adolescence. Some traditionalists object to this weakened use, but it is recorded as early as the first part of the 17th century, and is now widespread and
generally acceptable. Dilemma is a difficult decisions involving a choice between two or more
courses of action based on competing principles or assessments. Slim Goodale 1997 : 35 distinguishes types of dilemmas based essentialy on what the source of dilemma
is : there are tough choices whose source is uncertain evidence; dilemmas based on a clash between moral and non-moral considerations or judgements about expediency
and competing objectives; choices between two goods, where the task is to determine the greater good; and choices between two wrongs, where each course of action
would violate an important principle or commitment. One of the best known examples of dilemma is Kohlberg’s story concerns a
man called Heinz who lived somewhere in Europe.Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. The drug had been
discovered by a local chemist and the Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to make the drug and this was
7
much more than the Heinz could afford. Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was
dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make
money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the chemist’s and stole the drug.
In the novel Sophies Choice by William Styron Vintage Books 1976 – the 1982 movie starred Meryl Streep Kevin Kline, a Polish woman, Sophie
Zawistowska, is arrested by the Nazis and sent to the Auschwitz death camp. A guard confronts Sophie and tells her that one of her children will be allowed to live
and one will be killed. But it is Sophie who must decide which child will be killed. Sophie can prevent the death of either of her children, but only by condemning the
other to be killed. The guard makes the situation even more excruciating by informing Sophie that if she chooses neither, then both will be killed. With this
added factor, Sophie has a morally compelling reason to choose one of her children. But for each child, Sophie has an apparently equally strong reason to save him or her.
Thus the same moral precept gives rise to conflicting obligations. In an agony of indecision, as both children are being taken away, she suddenly does choose. They
can take her daughter, who is younger and smaller. Sophie hopes that her older and stronger son will be better able to survive, but she loses track of him and never does
learn of his fate. Years later, haunted by the guilt of having chosen between her children, Sophie commits suicide.
Colorful names have been given to many types of dilemmas.
•
Chicken or egg: which is first of two things, each of which presupposes the other
8 •
Double bind: conflicting requirements ensure that the victim will automatically be wrong.
•
Ethical dilemma: a choice between moral imperatives.
•
Extortion: the choice between paying the extortionist and suffering an unpleasant action.
•
Hedgehogs dilemma: the desire for intimacy going unfulfilled due to accompanying substantial mutual harm.
•
Fairness dilemmas: when groups are faced with making decisions about how to share their resources, rewards, or payoffs.
•
Hobsons choice: a choice between something and nothing; take it or leave it.
•
Mesh Fencer: relates to a difficult commercial choice where neither option is cost effective but a decision has to be made.
•
Mortons fork: choices yield equivalent, often undesirable, results.
•
Prisoners dilemma: an inability to coordinate makes cooperation difficult and defection tempting.
•
Samaritans dilemma: the choice between providing charity and improving anothers condition, and withholding it to prevent them from becoming dependent.
•
Sophies choice: a choice between two persons or things that will result in the death or destruction of the person or thing not chosen.
•
Travelers dilemma: you could make the best move possible to win the game according to its rules. But in doing so, you forfeit almost the entire value of a lost
suitcase full of antiques of which you are the owner.
•
Zugzwang: one must move and incur harm when one would prefer to make no move esp. in chess.
9
2.2 A Brief Description of Character
