2. Types of Error
Error can be classified into several types. Corder in Ellis distinguishes three types of error according to their systematicity:
a. Pres-systematic errors occur when the learner is unaware of the existence of a particular rule in the target language. These are random.
b. Systematic errors occur when the learner has discovered a rule but it is the wrong one.
c. Post-systematic errors occur when the learner knows the correct target language rule but uses it inconsistently i.e. makes a mistake.
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From Corder points of view, the writer assumes that these types of error made based on the sequences of time how learners learn the language is.
According to Dulay, in the book Language two, he classifies error into four types; error based on linguistic category, error based on surface strategy
taxonomy, error based on comparative taxonomy, and error based on communicative effect taxonomy.
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a. Error based on linguistic category The linguistic category taxonomy classifies errors according to either or
both the language component and the particular linguistic constituent the error affects. Language components include phonology pronunciation, syntax and
morphology grammar, semantic and lexicon meaning and vocabulary, discourse style. Constituents include the elements that comprise each
language components. For example; Morphology
: A ant Syntax
: He no write While in constituents, it includes the elements that comprise each
language components. For example within syntax, one may ask whether the error is the main or subordinate clause, which constituent is affected.
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Rod Ellis, Second Language Acquisition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 51.
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Heidi Dullay, et al, Language Two, New York: Oxford University Press, 1982 pp. 146— 189.
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Ibid. pp. 147—148.
b. Error based on surface strategy taxonomy This type of error which has four subtypes. They are;
1 Omission It is an error which happens because a learner does not put the
needed morphemes in hisher sentence. The morphemes which disappear are from the content morpheme and grammatical morpheme. For
example in the sentence; Content morpheme
: Budi is a leader Grammatical morpheme
: Budi is a leader.
2 Addition This type of error is contradictive to the previous one. The character
of the error is known by the presence of an item, which must not appear in a well-formed utterance. This error usually appears in the later stage of
L2 acquisition, when the learner has already acquired some target language rule. E.g., “He doesn’t know my name.”
3 Misinformation This error is characterized by the use of wrong form of the
morpheme or structure. In this error the learner supplies something although it is incorrect. E.g., “I see a teeth.”
4 Misordering The incorrect placement of a morpheme or a group of morpheme in
an utterance is the character of this error. E.g, “I don’t know what that is.”
c. Error based on comparative taxonomy The classification is made based on the comparisons between the
structure of L2 errors and certain other types of construction. To this classification of error, there are four types of error.
Kategori