Direct Speech Kinds of Reported Speech
1 Development error Development error is error similar to those made by children learning the
target language as their first language. E.g., “Mary eat the pineapple.” 2 Inter lingual error
Inter lingual error is an error similar in structure to a semantically equivalent phrase or sentence in learner’s native language.
3 Ambiguous error Ambiguous error is error that reflects the learner’s native language
structure. This error could be classified equally as development or inter lingual error. E.g., “I no go to school.”
4 Other error Other error is error that caused by the learner’s native language since the
learner used it on their second language form. E.g., “She do hungry.”
d. Error based on communicative effect taxonomy Instead of focusing on aspect of the error themselves, the communicative
effect taxonomy concerned with the error from the perspective of their effect on the listener or reader. The focuses are on distinguishing errors that seem to
cause miscommunication from those that do not. Error based on communicative effect taxonomy is divided into two parts.
1 Global error Global error hinders communication; it prevents the learners from
comprehending some aspect of messages. For instance, “we amused that movie very much.”
2 Local error Local error itself does not interfere with understanding of an
utterance, usually because there is only a minor violation of one segment of a sentence. “I angry” will be local error since the meaning is apparent.
According to Ellis in Corder, error fall into four categories, they are omission of some required element; addition of some unnecessary or incorrect
element; selection of an incorrect element, and misordering of the elements. Nevertheless, Corder himself adds that this classification is not enough to describe
errors. That is why includes the linguistics level of errors under the sub-areas of morphology, syntax, and lexicon.
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Ellis maintains that “classifying errors in these ways can help us to diagnose learners’ learning problems at any stage of their development and to plot
how changes in error patterns occur overtime.” This categorization can be exemplified as follows:
Omission:
Morphological omission A strange thing happen to me yesterday
Syntactical omission Must say also the names?
Addition:
In morphology The books is here
In syntax The London
In lexicon I stayed there during five years ago
Selection:
In morphology My friend is oldest than me
In syntax I want that he comes here.
Ordering:
In pronunciation fignisicant for ‘significant’; prulal for ‘prular’
In morphology get upping for ‘getting up’
In syntax he is a dear to me friend.
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As mentioned by some experts above, there are many types of error according to them. The writer decides that the errors generally made by the
10
Rod Ellis, Second Language Acquisition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 51.
11
Vecide Erdogan, “Contribution of Error Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching.” Journal of the Faculty of Education in Mercin University, Vol. 1, Issue 2, December 2005, p. 264.
students based on Ellis’ classifications which are: omission, addition, selection and misordering.