3. Compound Noun Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a simple unit. A compound
noun can be divided into two individual words, and words that joined by a hyphen or two words combined.
e.g., Individual words : tome capsule Hypenated words : great-uncle
Combined words : basketball 4. Collective Noun
Collective noun is a word for a group of people, animals, or objects that considered as a single unit.
e.g., audience, team, etc. 1. The audience is interested in watching the movie.
2. The opposite team wins the competition.
b. Form of Nouns
The general rule of writing the plural noun in English is to add s to the single form boy-boys, grape-graves. However, this rule is complicated because many exceptions given
below. - After a sibilant sound spelled as : s, z, ch, x, es, is added
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e.g., : Classes, Dishes - After y preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to I and es.
e.g., : Lady - Ladies Country - Countries
If final y is preceded by a vowel, no changed is made. e.g., : Boy – Boys
Toy – Toys - In one syllable words, final f for fe become ves. In the plural
e.g., : Wife –Wives Leaf – Leaves
- After final o, es, is sometimes added, especially in some command word. e.g., : Hero – Heroes
- But if a vowel preceded the final o, or if the word is a term used in the music, only s is added.
e.g., : Studio – Studios Piano – Pianos
- And sometimes the es alternates with a less command sending. e.g., : Cargo – Cargos
- Irregular plural based on older English may take the form of.
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- An internal change e.g., : Man – Men
- An en ending e.g., : Child – Children
- The plural has the same form as the singular e.g., : Sheep – Sheep
- The singular has the same form as the plural e.g., : Series – Series
2.3.2 Pronoun
Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
a. Types of Noun 1. Personal Pronoun
Personal pronoun refers top a specific person, place, or thing. Based on the position, a personal pronoun can be divided into two groups. They are :
a Nominative case
In this case pronoun functions as the subject in a sentence. Subject I, You, She, He, We. They are included to this group. Nominative case comes before an infinitive or auxiliary
verb or to be.
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e.g., : I am a student. b
Objective case In this case, objective case functions as object in a sentence. Me, you, him, her, it, us,
you, them are included to this group. Objective case comes after preposition. e.g., : I am angry with them.
2. Possessive Pronoun
Possessive pronoun shows the ownership. The possessive pronoun are mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
e.g., : Is this beautiful painting yours? Yes, it is mine.
3. Reflexive Pronoun
It adds the information to a sentence pointing back to a noun or pronoun near the beginning of the sentence. Reflexive pronoun ends with self or selves. For example : my self,
himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. e.g., : I do the assignment my self.
4. Intensive Pronoun
Intensive pronoun also ends with self or selves but just to add restatement to the noun or pronoun.
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e.g., : Renny herself brought the oranges.
5. Demonstrative Pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun directs attention to a specific person, place, or thing. For example : this, that, those, these.
This and that followed by a countable noun in a singular form. e.g., : 1. This is a pencil.
2. That is a chair. These and those only followed by a countable noun in a plural form.
e.g., : 1. Those are students. 2. These are computers.
A demonstrative pronoun is used : To avoid the repetition of some word in a sentence.
e.g., : I prefer buy this car to that. Form the sentence above, that used to show another car.
As the subject. Those who are diligent must be clever.
Those is the subject.
6. Indefinite Pronoun
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These are words included to an indefinite pronoun : Each. It is used to show a person or thing.
Each student must obey the rule. One Ones. It is used to substitute a singular noun, but ones for plural noun.
1. This book is new, but that one is old. 2. Those cars are expensive, but those ones are cheap.
Ones is used to substitute the cars. Someone, somebody, something, somewhere, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere.
Those are commonly used with singular noun together. Some is used in positive sentence but any used to negative sentence.
1. I saw someone standing there yesterday. 2. I do not know anything about him.
Everyone, everybody, everything. Those words are used in a singular form. 1. Everyone knows who I am.
2. Everybody ever falls in love. 3. Everything will be fine.
No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere. e.g., :
1. No one can tell it.
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2. Nobody came here again. Each other is commonly used for two persons.
e.g., : 1. We love each other.
One another used for more than two persons. e.g.,
1. All of the students are friendly one another. Some and any
Some used in a positive sentence. e.g., :
1. I have some books. Any used in a negative sentence.
e.g., : 1. He has not got any books.
All and most Both are used in plural form.
e.g., : 1. All the students are smart.
2. Most of he tables are broken.
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Both Both is only used in plural.
e.g., : 1. Both of us like studying.
Many and several Both of the pronoun are used for plural form.
e.g., : 1. I have many friends.
2. My friends borrow several books from the library.
7. Interrogative Pronoun
Interrogative pronoun is used to start a question. The words which are included to interrogative pronoun are :
1. Who, used to ask subject. For example : Who teaches your English? 2. Whom, used to ask object. For example : Whom can you invite to the meeting?
3. What, used to ask a thing. For example : What is your hobby? 4. Which, used to ask a choice. For example : Which pen do you like?
5. Why, used to ask a reason or cause. For example : Why is she angry? 6. Whose, used to ask a possession. For example : Whose skirt is this?
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7. How, used to ask the way or situation. For example : How do you go to Jakarta?
8. Relative Pronoun.
It starts a subordinate clause. There are five relative pronouns. They are :
1. Who, used to substitute a person either as subject or object. e.g., He is the man who helps me.
2. Whom, used to substitute a person as an object. e.g., The girl whom I met yesterday is friendly.
3. Whose, used to substitute a possession either person or thing. e.g., The woman whose car was stolen called the police.
4. Which, used to substitute a thing. e.g., The dress which I bought yesterday is very expensive.
5. What, used to substitute a singular noun, but the noun is not mentioned. e.g., I know what you mean.
6. That, used to substitute a person either subject or object.
b. Form of Pronoun.
The personal pronoun changes their form for person first, second, third. For case subject, object, possessive, number singular, plural and gender feminine, masculine,
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neutral. Except for case, the reflexive pronoun makes the same kinds of changes such as : I – me – mine – myself.
2.3.3 Verb
Verb is a word used for saying something about else, denoting an action.
a. Types of Verb.
There are seven kinds of verbs. They are : a.
Transitive verb It needs the object to fulfill the meaning. This verb divided into two kinds :
1. Transitive verb that only needs a direct object. e.g., He calls a taxi.
Call is a verb. 2. Transitive verb that only needs indirect object and direct object.
e.g., He sends me a letter. Me is an indirect object, and letter ia a direct object.
3. Intransitive verb Intransitive verb is a verb whose the action does not need a direct object. For example
: 1. I go.
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2. Susan cried. The underlined words are intransitive verbs.
4. Linking verb Linking verb joins the subject and predicate. It does not show an action. Nevertheless,
it helps the words at the end of the sentence name or describes the subject. The common linking verbs are feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear, sound, look, is, am, are, was, were,
have been. e.g., 1. The manager was happy about the development.
2. They look so sad. 3. The food tastes delicious.
4. The tree grows well. 5. They seem angry.
6. The idea sounds very interesting. 5. Regular verb
Regular verb is verb which imperfect tense the second form and past participle added with suffix ed at the end of its verb. For example : walk becomes walked, love
becomes loved. etc. Verb with suffix e such smile, love. However, the suffix d is added on the second form and third form at the end of the verb, so it can be smiled, loved.
Irregular verb Irregular verb is a verb which imperfected tense and past participle changed or not
changed. Irregular verbs are divided into :
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Verb, which the second and the third form are not changed. e.g., cut, hurt, etc.
Verb, which the second and the third form are the same but the difference form the first form.
e.g., bleed the second form, the third form is bled. Verb which the first, the second and the third form are not the same.
e.g., arise – arose – arisen. 6. Causative verb
Causative verb shows a verb that shows cause results from the action mentioned in the basic form. For example : darken derives from dark.
7. Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb is added to another verb to make the meaning clearer. Auxiliary verb
can be divided into : 1. To be : is, am, are, was, were, been.
I am student They are lectures
2. To do : do, does, did, done They do really love you
He does needs me
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3. To have : has, have, had I have been hungry
4. Modals : will, would, can, could, shall, might, may They can speak English well
You may go home
b. Form of Verbs
