The Description of Conjunction Found in the Novel The Man in The Iron Mask

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THE DESCRIPTION OF CONJUNCTIONS FOUND IN THE NOVEL THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK BY ALEXANDRE DUMAS

A PAPER

WRITTEN BY

FLORENCIA M PRATIWI REG.NO : 122202022

DIPLOMA-III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN


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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, FLORENCIA declare that Iam the sole author of this paper. Except where the refrences is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award for another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :


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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Florencia M Pratiwi

Title of paper : The Description of Conjunction Found in the Novel “The Man In The Iron Mask”

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am wiling that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discrection of the librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Cultural Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :


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iii ABSTRACT

This paper entiled ”The Description of Conjunction Found in the Novel The Man in The Iron Mask” is about the conjunctions used in the sentences of novel. This paper give information about how to used conjunctions when someone make a paper in writing. The writer uses the library research to collecting books and papers related to the topic also discussed and find out the types of conjunctions and the structure transformation of conjunction .They are Coordinating conjunction and Subordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunction have four classified. 1.) Cumulative conjunction are: and, as well as, not only...but also, and both...and. 2.)Alternative conjunction are: or, either...or, neither...nor, and otherwise. 3.) Advertise conjunctions are: but, yet, while, however, still, nevertheless, and whereas. 4.) Illative conjunctions are: therefore, so that, then, and for. Subordinating conjunction have 9 classified. 1.)Apposition conjunction is that. 2.) Cause conjunction are: because, since, and as. 3.) Comparison conjunction are: than, more than, and as...as. 4.)Contrast conjunction are: although, even though, and though. 5.)Condition conjunction are: if, unless, whether...or, even if, in case, and otherwise. 6.) Purpose conjunction are: so that, in order that, in order that, and in order to. 7.) Place conjunction are where and whereas. 8) Time conjunction are: after, before, when, while, since, as, and as soon as. 9.) Result conjunction are: consequently, therefore, and thus. The transformation structure of conjunction that the writer find are: 1.) Conjoined sentences with identical information, 2.) Conjoined sentences with identical negative elements, 3.) Conjoined sentences with identical major constituent.


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iv ABSTRAK

Kertas karya yang berjudul ”The Description of Conjunction Found in the Novel The Man in The Iron Mask” ini membahas tentang penggunaan conjunction dalam kalimat yang terdapat dalam novel. Kertas karya ini memberikan informasi tentang bagaimana menggunakan conjunction ketika seseorang membuat penulisan sebuah hasil karya tulisan. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian ke perpustakaan untuk mengumpulkan buku-buku dan kertas karya yang berkaitan dengan topik juga membahas dan menemukan tipe dari conjunction dan transformasi struktur dari conjunction. Terdiri dari Coordinating Conjunction dan Subordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunction di klasifikasikan menjadi 4. 1.) Cumulative conjunction yaitu: and, as well as, not only...but also, dan both...and. 2.)Alternative conjunction yaitu: or, either...or, neither...nor, dan otherwise. 3.) Advertise conjunction yaitu: but, yet, while, however, still, nevertheless, and whereas. 4.) Illative conjunction yaitu: therefore, so that, then, dan for. Subordinating conjunction diklasifikasikan menjadi 9. 1.)Apposition conjunction yaitu that. 2.) Cause conjunction yaitu because, since, and as. 3.) Comparison conjunction yaitu than, more than, dan as...as. 4.)Contrast conjunction yaitu: although, even though, dan though. 5.)Condition conjunction yaitu: if, unless, whether...or, even if, in case, dan otherwise. 6.) Purpose conjunction yaitu: so that, in order that, in order that, dan in order to. 7.) Place conjunction yaitu where dan whereas. 8) Time conjunction yaitu after, before, when, while, since, as, dan as soon as. 9.) Result conjunction yaitu consequently, therefore, and thus. Struktur transformasi conjunction yang ditemukan oleh penulis yaitu 1.) Conjoined sentences with identical information, 2.) Conjoined sentences with identical negative elements, 3.) Conjoined sentences with identical major constituent.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to God because always blessing and giving me health, strengh and spirit to finished this paper to get Diploma III certificate from English Department Faculty of Cultural Study, University of North Sumatera.

Then, I would like to express a deep gratitude, love, and appreciation to:

1.) My beloved parents, Bapak Paulus Johanes Darmudji and Ibu Lili Gintarti. Thanks a lot for your advise, loves, prays, and motivation. I maked and present this paper for you.

2.) My beloved sisters, Margaretha Tri Oktafiyanti and Agustina Pujiastuti and my beloved brothers, Anaclitus Bambang Cahyono, Poly Tyas Istiarso, and Martinus Catur Prayitno. Thanks for your motivation, love, and pray.

3.) Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A as the Head of Diploma III English Study Program, that give me a lot of knowledge.

4.) Dr. Drs. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A as my supervisor who take the time to giving and criticism in complete this paper.

5.) Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Study, University of North Sumatera

6.) Drs. M Syafi’i Siregar as my reader who take the time to giving, criticism and correct my paper

7.) All lectures in Diploma III English Study Program for teaching, adviced, and giving me knowledge.

8.) My beloved friends, Eka Yuni Sari br Silalahi, Mercy Sarah Swati, Elisa Putri Purba, Rotua Meyly, Mario Sinaga and My friends in KMK ST.Gregorius Agung, Carolina Lumban Gaol, Deviana Sinabutar and Betrix Krisna Tarigan. Thank you for support, advice, motivation, cares, and other things to help me complete


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my paper. Thanks a lot for the nice friendship during our study. I never forget our friendship when we spent together.

9.) My beloved brother, Stepanus Marsel Perangin-angin, thank for your love, cares, motivation to make me complete this paper.

10.) All my friends in Class B Diploma English Study Program/SOLIDAS 2012. Thanks for your support and information to help me complete this paper. I will be missing all of you.

Finally, I already finished this paper for a long time and being perfect. Then, I welcome any constructive criticism and suggestion towards this paper.

Medan, June 2015

The writer,

Florencia M Pratiwi Reg. No. 122202022


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR DECLARATION...i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION...ii

ABSTRACT...iii

ABSTRAK...iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT...v

TABLE OF CONTENTS...vii

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study...1

1.2 Problem of the Study...3

1.3 Scope of the Study...4

1.4 Purpose of the Study...4

1.5 The Reason for Choosing the Topic...4

1.6 Method of Research...4

1.7 Review of Related Literature...5

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Grammar...6

2.2 Conjunction...6

2.2.1 The Defenition of Conjunction...7

2.2.2 The Types of Conjunction...8

3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method...35

3.2 Data and Data Sources...35

3.3 Data Collecting Method...36

3.4 Data Description Method...36

4. DESCRIPTION OF CONJUNCTION 4.1 Grammatical Description...37

4.2 Types of Conjunction Transformation Structure...39

4.2.1 Conjoined Sentences with Identical Information...40

4.2.2 Conjoined Sentences with Identical Negative Elements...40

4.2.3 Conjoined Sentences with Identical Major Constituent...42

4.3 Correlative Conjunction Transformation Structure...44

5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions...52

5.2 Suggestions...54

REFERENCES...55


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iii ABSTRACT

This paper entiled ”The Description of Conjunction Found in the Novel The Man in The Iron Mask” is about the conjunctions used in the sentences of novel. This paper give information about how to used conjunctions when someone make a paper in writing. The writer uses the library research to collecting books and papers related to the topic also discussed and find out the types of conjunctions and the structure transformation of conjunction .They are Coordinating conjunction and Subordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunction have four classified. 1.) Cumulative conjunction are: and, as well as, not only...but also, and both...and. 2.)Alternative conjunction are: or, either...or, neither...nor, and otherwise. 3.) Advertise conjunctions are: but, yet, while, however, still, nevertheless, and whereas. 4.) Illative conjunctions are: therefore, so that, then, and for. Subordinating conjunction have 9 classified. 1.)Apposition conjunction is that. 2.) Cause conjunction are: because, since, and as. 3.) Comparison conjunction are: than, more than, and as...as. 4.)Contrast conjunction are: although, even though, and though. 5.)Condition conjunction are: if, unless, whether...or, even if, in case, and otherwise. 6.) Purpose conjunction are: so that, in order that, in order that, and in order to. 7.) Place conjunction are where and whereas. 8) Time conjunction are: after, before, when, while, since, as, and as soon as. 9.) Result conjunction are: consequently, therefore, and thus. The transformation structure of conjunction that the writer find are: 1.) Conjoined sentences with identical information, 2.) Conjoined sentences with identical negative elements, 3.) Conjoined sentences with identical major constituent.


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iv ABSTRAK

Kertas karya yang berjudul ”The Description of Conjunction Found in the Novel The Man in The Iron Mask” ini membahas tentang penggunaan conjunction dalam kalimat yang terdapat dalam novel. Kertas karya ini memberikan informasi tentang bagaimana menggunakan conjunction ketika seseorang membuat penulisan sebuah hasil karya tulisan. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian ke perpustakaan untuk mengumpulkan buku-buku dan kertas karya yang berkaitan dengan topik juga membahas dan menemukan tipe dari conjunction dan transformasi struktur dari conjunction. Terdiri dari Coordinating Conjunction dan Subordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunction di klasifikasikan menjadi 4. 1.) Cumulative conjunction yaitu: and, as well as, not only...but also, dan both...and. 2.)Alternative conjunction yaitu: or, either...or, neither...nor, dan otherwise. 3.) Advertise conjunction yaitu: but, yet, while, however, still, nevertheless, and whereas. 4.) Illative conjunction yaitu: therefore, so that, then, dan for. Subordinating conjunction diklasifikasikan menjadi 9. 1.)Apposition conjunction yaitu that. 2.) Cause conjunction yaitu because, since, and as. 3.) Comparison conjunction yaitu than, more than, dan as...as. 4.)Contrast conjunction yaitu: although, even though, dan though. 5.)Condition conjunction yaitu: if, unless, whether...or, even if, in case, dan otherwise. 6.) Purpose conjunction yaitu: so that, in order that, in order that, dan in order to. 7.) Place conjunction yaitu where dan whereas. 8) Time conjunction yaitu after, before, when, while, since, as, dan as soon as. 9.) Result conjunction yaitu consequently, therefore, and thus. Struktur transformasi conjunction yang ditemukan oleh penulis yaitu 1.) Conjoined sentences with identical information, 2.) Conjoined sentences with identical negative elements, 3.) Conjoined sentences with identical major constituent.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Language is a medium of communication. It is important thing in human life Since without language, we cannot make interaction. By using language someone could make statements, explain or report something and keep social relations among the other person.

Siswanto (2008:19) says that bahasa yang digunakan di dalam karya sastra adalah bahasa yang dikenal oleh masyarakat pemakai bahasa itu, bahasa natural (The language used in the literature is the language known by the public users of the language, natural language). Furthermore Winston (1993:21) says that language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used to record it, just as a person is the same no matter how you take his pitcure, the most of the language that are spoken today has been applied either in relatively recent times.Owen (2006:1) says that language can be difined as a socially shared combination of those symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols. Language which is governed by the provisions in questions as above is a cultural and also grammar, language has a very close relationship with grammar where language is a series of rules to learn grammar, rules governing use of language for forming a sentence. Moreover, we have seen to what extent situation conditions the way in which people speak or write. It will be helpful at this point to outline a grammar model which relates to a sentence structure in language.


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When to described the sentences in the novel, grammar is needed to help us understand about how to make a sentences in paragraph and interesting. Grammar teach us how to read, speak, and write english clear and right.

Hancock (2005:6) says, “Grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning making system of the language, and a system that governs the ways word come together to form meanings. Grammar is also a study of that system, the various theories or perspective that attempt to understand. Grammar is the structure of a language that explains the how words are used in writing and speech.”

Baker (2007:22) says, “Traditional defines eight parts of speech for English: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjenction. Grammars often define these categories according to the meaning of the word they contain; a noun names a thing, a verb describes an action and so forth.”

Frank (1990:1) says, “ Traditionally, word can be classified into eight parts of speech such as noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction, preposition, and interjection.”

Conjunction as one of the parts of speech that use in writing and very important to learn about it. Conjunction have a functions when we write some of sentences. It can connects two or more sentences, clauses, or part of clauses. The conjunction have two parts. They are coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction. Basically in the sentences, we often use the coordinate conjunction that contain (for,and,but,because,nor,or,yet).


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subordinate clauses that give some information abot the relationship between the two ideas is called conjunction. They are while, become, althought, since, when, whether, before, until, than, as, as if, in order that, so that, whenever, and wherever.

Conjunction is really interesting to learn it. The writer like to read the story in the novel The Man in the Iron Mask because the novel contains about politic, love, and scramble for the throne. The writer choosed the topic because it contains of conjunctions.

There are the examples sentences in the novel:

1.) He was bound to extinguish his lamp, and we perceive how much he was favored, in being allowed to keep it burning even till then.

2.) The turnkey, the same who, on Aramis’s first arrival had shown himself so inquisitive and curious, was now not only silent, but impossible.

In the example of conjunction, we can looked by the sentence. It contains of coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction. In sentence one, “and” is used to join two object independent clause. Sentence 2, “and” & “not only...but” is used to join two object phrases.

The examples showed that the conjunction function in the sentence are explaining to describe that are related to each other in meaning in the sentences by using connector and combine it become relationship between two sentences.

1.2 The Problem of the Study The problems of this study are:


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1) What types of conjunction are found in the Novel “The Man in the Iron Mask”?

2) What are the transformation structure of conjunction? 1.3 The Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is important. Conjunction have a functions when we write some of sentences. It can connects two or more sentences, clauses, or part of clauses. So, conjunction also need to use in writing. This study is focused on conjunction, especially coordinating and subordinating conjunction used in “The Man in the Iron Mask Novel”.

1.4 The Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study are:

1.) To find out the types of conjunction used in the Novel “The Man in the Iron Mask”

2.) To know about the transformation structure of conjunction 1.5 The Reason for Choosing the Topic

The writer choose the topic because conjunction is really important and interesting to learn. Conjunction is part of speech in grammar, so when we learn it, we can get a knowledge about how to write a sentences in paragraph by using conjunction. In the other side, conjunction can connecting two sentences when we combine it. So, when we writes a paragraph we can used conjunction become a good sentences.

1.6 Method of Research Library research


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Library research needs to get the information in solving a problem, to fulfill an academic assignment or for our own purpose. This method is used to find a certain data by collecting some books that relevant to described the conjunction.

1.7 Review of Related Literature

In fact, where conjunctions leave off and other connectives take up maybe difficult to determine but the conjunction can connecting two sentences or pharases. The Conjunctions have two part. They are Coordinating Conjunctions and Subordinating Conjunction. Coordinating Conjunctions join two items of equal important but Subordinating Conjunctions introduces a dependent clause which depends on the rest of the sentences for its meaning and cannot stand alone. Both of them, can combining in the sentences in a paragraph.


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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Grammar

Woods (2010:9-10) says, “ Grammar also means a set of standart that you have to follow in order to speak and write better. Functional grammar guides you to the right expression- the one that fits what you’re trying to say-by ensuring that the sentence is correct.”

Hancock (2005:6) says, “Grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning making system of the language, and a system that governs the ways word come together to form meanings. Grammar is also a study of that system, the various theories or perspective that attempt to understand. Grammar is the structure of a language that explains the how words are used in writing and speech.”

Baker (2007:22) says, “Traditional defines eight parts of speech for English: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjenction. Grammars often define these categories according to the meaning of the word they contain; a noun names a thing, a verb describes an action and so forth.”

Frank (1990:1) says, “ Traditionally, word can be classified into eight parts of speech such as noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction, preposition, and interjection.”

2.2 Conjunctions

Conjunctions as one of the parts of speech is a subject that need to understand in writing. To explain and clear about the conjunctions function, the writer give some defenition of conjunctions. Merriam Webster says that “


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conjunctions is a situation in which two or more things happen at the same time in the same place.”

Jeffrey (1985:142) says that conjunctions were “linking” or “joining” words, which joining togetger various thing then any word could occur. Then, according to Conjunction is the words that can connect two or more clauses or sentences in the same time or space and in the same clauses.

2.2.1 The defenition of conjunction

Conjunctions are usually defined as words that link sentence elements. This defenition can be little misleading since conjunctions often come at the beginning of sentences where they do not appear to link anything. Suryadi and Junaida (2007 : 167) define conjunction as a word connector used to join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence, while Arnold and Raymond (2003 : 114) says that conjunction are connectors that can perform small jobs such as joining simple work, or bigger task such as linking phrases.

When using a conjunction, they can take independent clause and

dependent clause. Basically, they’re join in two or more sentences. Conjunction must be distinguished from preposition, relative pronouns, adjective clause or adverb that is also connecting words.

Examples:

1. I really don’t care and never want to look at your face. (adverb) 2. The man are sitting beside me as my headmaster. ( preposition ) 3. She is a famous person and she is honestly. ( conjunction )


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4. This is a cake that my mother bought. ( relative pronoun ) 5. The girl that talked with me is humoris. ( adjective clauses )

2.2.2 The Types of Conjunction

Sidney and Randolph (1990) says that there are two types of conjunction, coordinate conjunction and subordinate conjunction. Both coordination and subordination involve the linking of units; but in coordination the units are on the same syntatic level, whereas in subordination one of the units is a constituent of a superordinate unit.

1. Coordinating Conjunction

Akhmad says that coordinate conjunction is a word connector that connecting two clauses that equivalent, it means between one sentence is not depend to other sentence.

Coordinating conjunction have four types, they are:

1. Cumulative

Cumulative conjunctions marely add one statement to another. They are and, as well as, not only...but also, and both...and Examples:

The steps of three men resounded on the flags of the terraces, and the clinking of the keys hanging from the bailer’s girdle made itself heard up to the stories of the towers, As if to remaind the prisoners that the liberty of earth was luxury beyond their reach. (1)


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entered ; and then signed to them to close the door behind him (1) The turnkey, the same who, on Aramis’s first arrival had shown himself so inquisitive and curious, was now not only silent, but also impossible (1)

He was bound to extinguish his lamp, and we perceive how much he was favored, in being allowed to keep it burning even till then (2)

Aramis lighted the candle from the lantern, pushed back the arm chair, and approached the bed with an evident misture of interest and respect (2)

These four people, with my master, and old perronnette, my jailer, and the governor of the prison, are the only persons with whom i have ever spoken, and, indeed, almost the only person i have ever seen (11)

I was entering my room, and on opening the door, the window too, being open, a puff of air came suddenly and carried off this paper-this stout-hearted youthletter of her majesty’s; I darteafter it, and gained the

window just in time to see it flutter a moment in the breeze and dissapear down the well (15)

I concealed the two fragments in my body coat, and, helping myself with my feet against the sides of the pit, and clinging on with my hands, agile and vigorous as i was, and, above all, pressed for time (17)

I was seized with a violent fever, owing to the chili and the excitement of my discovery, and attack of delirium supervening (18)


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Doubtless the unfortunate lady and gentleman, not daring to keep the occurrence secret, wrote of all this to the queen and sent back the torn letter (19)

They ran at once to the banqueting-room, and whispered to the king what had happened; he rose and quitted the table (22)

You wish to make me believe in splendor, and we are lying lost in night ; you boast of glory, and we are smothering our words in the curtains of this miserable bed (25)

He was sitting on his bed, onlyhalf dressed, and with legs dangling over the edge, contemplating a host garments, which with their fringers, lace, embroidery, and shales of ill assorted hues, were strewed all over the floor (32)

No, my friend; on the contrary, the ground was struck with lightning a hundred paces from chateau, and a fountain sprung up in a place entirely destitute of water (34)

Percerin was a very prudent man; and having heard it said that there was no more dangerous sign for a protestant than to be smiled upon by Catherine, and having observed that her smiles were more frequent than usual, he speedily Catholic with all his family; and having thus become irreproachable, attained the lofty position of master tailor to the Crown of France (42)

Mademoiselle de la Vailliere, and myself do know, is the color of the materials and nature of the ornaments, and the cut, the ensemble, the


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Percerin made a bound backwards, which D’Artagnan-calmest and most appreciative of men, did not consider overdone, so many strange and startling aspects wore the proposal which Aramis had just hazarded (58) Aramis and I had to use such words in our strategic studies and

castramentative experiments (64)

Certain signs of intelligence which passed between Voliere and the other garcons showed me the fact (68)

I was saying does not surprise me, coming from Moliere, who is a very ingenious, and inspired you with this grand idea (68)

La Fontaine placed himself at a table, and set his rapid pen an endless dance across the smooth white vellum (76)

People will see the difference there is between the courtiers of wealth and those of friendship (78)

Roast patridges, flanked with quails and flanking a larded leveret; boiled fowls; hams, fried and sprinkled with white wine, cardons of Guipuzcoa and la bisque ecrevisses; these together with soups and hors d’oeuvres, constituted the governor’s bill of fare (81)

It is their business to write and torment me when I am at rest, and to trouble me when I am happy (85)

Francois bowed and quitted the room, leaving the two companions alone (88)


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Francois, tell monsieur le major to go and open the cell of M.Seldon (89) He summoned his lieutenant, and gave him an order, which the latter passed on, without disturbing himself about it, to the next whom in concerned (95)

It has given you the features, figure, age, and voice of your brother; and the very causes of your persecution are about to become those of your triumphant restoration (102)

I do not jest. I have a heart, and mind, and soul, and can read your own,—aye, even to its depths (page 106)

We would almost say dissimulation of his character, of which we have tried to give an idea, he could not restrain his emotion, and breathed a sigh of ecstasy. (109)

Then, by degrees, he raised his aching head and inhaled the softly scented air, as it was wafted in gentle gusts to his uplifted face. (109)

He allowed two kings, King Louis XIII. and himself, to be seated on the self-same throne, whilst he might have installed them more conveniently upon two separate and distinct thrones." (116)

The jets d'eau, which were regarded as wonderful in 1653, are still so, even at the present time; the cascades awakened the admiration of kings and princes; and as for the famous grotto, the theme of so many poetical effusions (120)


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burning rays upon the heathen deities of marble and bronze: it raised the temperature of the water in the conch shells, and ripened, on the walls (121)

Lebrun had painted on the vaulted ceiling the happy as well as the unhappy dreams which Morpheus inflicts on kings as well as on other men. (137)

You know it as well as myself. (250) The king is both cunning and strong. (280)

But when you have been introduced to the prime commandant—when you have accepted the responsibility of a post in his army, the question is no longer about you, but about all those poor soldiers, who, as well as you, have hearts and bodies, who will weep for their country and endure all the necessities of their condition. (316)

Athos, forgetful of both the admiral and the fleet, and of his own dignity as a strong man, opened his arms to his son, and pressed him

convulsively to his heart. (350)

It was, however, evident to both father and son that their walk amounted to nothing less than a punishment. (350)

Raoul appeared to him to the last moment; and the imperceptible atom, passing from black to pale, from pale to white, from white to nothing, disappeared for Athos—disappeared very long after, to all the eyes of the spectators, had disappeared both gallant ships and swelling sails. (351)


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"That was, besides, your majesty's intention as well as mine; and I cannot express to your majesty how happy and proud I have been to see all the king's regiments from Paris to help take possession." (402)

."And look! everybody here sees them as well as ourselves; look, women and children are beginning to crowd the jetty." (page 432)

Aramis and Porthos had gone to the grotto of Locmaria with the

expectation of finding there their canoe ready armed, as well as the three Bretons, their assistants; and they at first hoped to make the bark pass through the little issue of the cavern, concealing in that fashion both their labors and their flight. (page 486)

My idea was this," continued D'Artagnan: "to make you both come on board, to keep you near me, and restore you your liberty (445)

The Paris-folk have fabricated instruments with which they see as well at a distance as near, by night as well as by day.(503)

2. Alternative

Alternative conjunctions which present a choice between two alternatives.

They are or, either...or, neither...nor, and otherwise Examples:

Near the bed a large leathern armchair, with twisted legs, sustained his clothes. A little table-without pens, books, paper or ink-stod neglected in


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My enemy must indeed have been very cruel, or hard beset my necessity , to assassinate those two innocent people (12)

Nothing, up to that period, except the respect paid me, had enlightened me, or even roused my suspicions (14)

I faith, I greatly deceive myself, or i have been the means of a good windfall to that rascal Moliere, and we shall assuredly see the scene hit off to the life in some comedy or other (67)

Should he wish to land, it is merely because he has seen a large flight of landrails or plovers, of wild ducks, teal, widgeon, or woodchucks, which fall an easy pray to net or gun.(106)

Everything that sleep gives birth to that is lovely, its fairy scenes, its flowers and nectar, the wild voluptuousness or profound repose of the senses (137)

I will tell you; then at the same time, whatever you may say or think of it, I went to see the dresses for our poets (78)

The arrival of a visitor did not caused any changed of position, either he was waiting in expectation, or was asleep (2)

Seeing, then, that my nurse and preceptor were carried off, and that i, also, was separated from them- either they were, or i am, very dangerous to my enemy (12)


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look to; and that nobody either did, or ever would, take any interest in me (14)

Oh, do not style me so, monsieur; tis either treachery or cruelty (25) During at every angle of the counter either a murmur or a menace, as the waves leave foam or scattered seaweed on the sands (50)

Well, I don’t know, replied the bishop; either mine or M. Fouquet’s (58) Aramis perceived that the superintendent either doubted him, or felt he was powerless to obtain the money (page 77)

Suddenly, on perceiving Raoul, the lady became silent, and pushing away the officer: "Make your escape, Malicorne," said she; "I did not think there was any one here. I shall curse you, if they have either heard or seen us!" (294)

"In such a fashion that he may not, on the road, either converse with any one or throw notes to people he may meet." (404)

And every master called his dog by his name, whistled to him in his favorite mode, without a single one replying to either call or whistle. (477)

When this fainting of Athos had ceased, the comte, almost ashamed of having given way before this superior natural event, dressed himself and ordered his horse, determined to ride to Blois, to open more certain correspondences with either Africa, D'Artagnan, or Aramis. (546) There was neither a glass nor a mirror in the house (19)


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Neither strangle anybody nor smash anything (40)

I say that they shall apply neither line nor rule to the seams of your dress (53)

Philippe expected his approach and neither expressed nor exhibited any surprise. (210)

Neither your musketeers, nor your whole army could take Belle. (page 257)

Athos and Raoul observed that he often tried to embarrass them by sudden attacks, or to catch them off their guard; but neither the one nor the other gave him the least advantage. (329)

"Monsieur," said Biscarrat to the bishop, "you may save all these inhabitants, but thus you will neither save yourself nor your friend." (466)

Very well," said Aramis; and, taking the lantern himself, he examined minutely all parts of the canoe, with the precautions of a man who is neither timid nor ignorant in the face of danger. (470)

They were neither at the place where the sea was going to carry them, nor at the place the earth was going to lose them. (544)

Then we return to the prisoner the valuables he wore at the time of his imprisonment, his clothes and papers, if the minister’s orders have not otherwise dictated (95)


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18 3. Advertise

Advertise conjunctions express contrast between two statements. They are but, yet, while, however, still, nevertheless, and whereas. Examples:

Be it so, but let us return to our starting point (5)

The writing was already fading, but i managed to decipher (18) I said i was contened, monsieur, but, perhaps, i decide myself. I am ignorant of the nature of ambition ; but it is not impossible i may have some (7)

The windows of the hall looked into the court; the shutters were closed; but through a chink in them i saw my tutor draw near a large well (14) I say not that he will pour out his people's blood, like Louis XI., or Charles IX.; for he has no mortal injuries to avenge; but he will devour the means and substance of his people (100)

Pardon me, but I may venture to ask that question of a poor, abandoned captive of the Bastile (112)

He is fond of pleasure, consistently, I mean, with all his labors, thanks to the youthfulness he still retains; but this protracted youth will disappear at the approach of the first serious annoyance, or at the first illness he may experience. (115)

Nay, M. Fouquet did even better still; he certainly, in obedience to the king's expressed desire, seated himself at the table, but as soon as the


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19

soups were served, he arose and personally waited on the king, while Madame Fouquet stood behind the queen-mother's armchair. (136) I repeat, is nothing but an unsubstantial shadow—a lure, like everything else in this bright, dazzling world." (144)

Baisemeaux stamped his foot on the ground like a man in a state of despair, but he did not reply a single syllable (244)

This cheerful light rejoiced Porthos beyond expression; but Aramis appeared annoyed by it in an equal degree. (273)

I pardon you, but I cannot pardon myself. (334)

I break my word; but if I do not do it, I disoblige you (444)

My prince,turning in the carriage towards his companion, weak creature as I am, so unpretending in genius, so low in the scale of intelligent beings, it has never yet happened to me to converse with a man without penetrating (99)

I do not yet know whether Raoul will be able to forget." (114) Then, again, he wished to unburden his mind to the king; but yet the king would not be able to understand the suspicions which had not even a shadow of reality at their base. (127)

Near the bed a large leathern armchair, with twisted legs, sustained his clothes. A little table-without pens, books, paper or ink-stod neglected in sadness near the window ; while several plates, still unemptied, showed that the prisoner had scarcely touched his evening meal (2)


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While she went in search of some stout-hearted youth,whom she went to persuade that a jewel had fallen into the well, and that this jewelwas wrapped in a paper (16)

An army of servants were hurrying to and fro in squadrons in the courtyard and corridors; while Fouquet, who had only that morning arrived, walked all through the palace with a calm (121)

With these words, Philippe, notwithstanding an instinctive repugnance of feeling, and in spite of the shudder of terror which mastered his will, threw himself on the royal bed, and forced his muscles to press the still warm place where Louis XIV. had lain, while he buried his burning face in the handkerchief still moistened by his brother's tears. (210)

The perfect swarm of busily engaged persons moving about noiselessly; the multitude of guests,—who were, however, even less numerous than the servants who waited on them (134)

Porthos, however, did not stir; for true it is that, having dined

exceedingly well, he was fast asleep in his armchair; and the freedom of conversation therefore was not interrupted by a third person. (139) The advantage was, however, pursued, the regiments took the reserve with them, and the enemy's palisades were utterly destroyed. (564)

Full of preoccupation, however, from the scene of the previous evening, and hardly recovered from the effects of the poison which Colbert had then administered to him (154)


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It was not the same, however, with the king's face; for, notwithstanding his success at play (155)

The Gascon, however, was a man of calm self-possession; and no sooner did he touch his bright steel blade, than he knew how to adopt morally the cold, keen weapon as his guide of action. (189)

I was seized with giddiness, and the hair rose on my head; but my strong will still reigned supreme over all the terror and disquietude (17)

The orator still went on with his speech, while the king's color was visibly increasing. (129)

M. Fouquet held the stirrup of the king, who, having dismounted, bowed most graciously, and more graciously still held out his hand to him, which Fouquet, in spite of a slight resistance on the king's part, carried respectfully to his lips. (133)

Aramis and Philippe were in theirs, still eagerly attentive, and still listening with all their ears. (164)

After he had thrown himself for a few minutes to and fro convulsively on his bed, his nerveless arms fell quietly down; his head lay languidly on his pillow; his limbs, exhausted with excessive emotion, still

trembled occasionally, agitated by muscular contractions; while from his breast faint and infrequent sighs still issued. (170)


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idea of theft or robbery, should approve—even were it only by a single word—the resolution he had taken, and which, nevertheless, he

hesitated before carrying into execution. (157)

Nevertheless the entire army was pleased that he would not retreat, since ill-chance had led him so near (563)

4. Illative

Illative conjunctions express something inferred from another statement or fact.

They are therefore, so that, then, and for. Examples:

Therefore, on putting his foot on board his vessel, moored within cannon-shot of the island, the captain of the musketeers had already got together all his means, offensive and defensive. (447)

But they who received the order to fire trembled so that three guards fell by the discharge, and the five remaining balls hissed on to splinter the vault, plow the ground, or indent the pillars of the cavern. (495)


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The green and blue and topaz conflagration and black lava of

liquefactions clashed and combated an instant beneath a majestic dome of smoke; then oscillated, declined, fell successively the mighty

monoliths of rock which the violence of the explosion had not been able to uproot from the bed of ages; they bowed to each other like grave and stiff old men, then prostrating themselves, lay down forever in their dusty tomb. (page 498)

Spare me in my ephemeral happiness, leave it to me for a few days, for a few minutes ( 571)

2. Subordinating Conjunction

Geraldine (2010) says that subordinate conjunctionemphasize that one idea (the “boss,” and independent clause, the equivalent of a complete sentence) is more important than the other (the “employee” or subordinate clause). The conjunction joining boss and employee give some information about the relationship between the two ideas. Frank (1972:215) says that a subordinate conjunction introduces a clause that depends on a main or independent clause. Suryadi and Junaida says that subordinating conjunction is connector which is used to join subordinate clause and main clause in complex sentence. Subordinating show the grammatical function of subordinator.


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There are the examples of subordinating conjunction: 1.) She don’t care which thing it is. ( noun clause ).

2.) The man who sit beside me take the money from her. ( adjective clause ) 3.) Come on let me go before i kill you guys. (adverb clause)

There are ten types of subordinating conjunctions, they are:

1. Apposition

The apposition’s conjunction is that Examples:

I was astonished that the abbe had so warlike an air, and they replied that there was nothing singular in that, seing that he was one (10) The fact is, that i must have been looking particulary handsome (66) I shall, at least, fall from such a height, that I shall shatter myself in falling (77)

With a perfect reliance that Aramis had made arrangements fairly to distribute the vast number of guests throughout the palace, and that he had not omitted to attend to any of the internal regulations for their comfort (122)

Concerning pretended robberies that monsieur le surintendant had committed, which is false (261)

He urged his horse so near the carriage, that he drove him against the step with such force as to shake everything containing and contained. (372)


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What will happen," said he to Porthos, when everybody was gone home, "will be that the anger of the king will be roused by the account of the resistance; and that these brave people will be decimated or shot when they are taken, which cannot fail to take place." (461)

He immediately commanded that the canoe should be rolled as far as the great stone, the closure of the liberating issue. (487)

The young nobleman smiled sadly, and replied to the duke, 'It is true, monseigneur, that but for your kindness I should have been killed, where the poor sergeant has fallen, and should be at rest.' M. de Bragelonne made this reply in such a tone that monseigneur answered him warmly, 'Vrai Dieu! Young man, one would say that your mouth waters for death (561)

2. Cause

The cause’s conjunction are because, since, and as Examples:

Let us go to the king’s tailor, he said; and since he measures the king, i think by my faith (41)

Far from it, my good fellow, since I have brought Marchiali back to you, and all accordingly is just the same as if he had never left." (177)

My dear D'Artagnan, pray go to bed, since you have a bed to lie down on, and let me do the same." (192)


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So as I have never known any peace save since you made her

aquaintance, do me the pleasure to continue your visits as heretofore, or morbleu (72)

I have not fought you because you were my wife’s friend, but because I was told I ought to fight (72)

You do not understand me; it is precisely because my friends are not looking on, that I am as you see me now (200)

Stay a moment; look at me, I who seem to exercise in some degree a kind of superiority over you, because I am arresting you (202)

The day you are elevated, you are elevated forever; you will overturn the footstool, as you rise, and will send it rolling so far (101)

The king read Mazarin's letter, and, as its contents are already known to the reader, in consequence of the misunderstanding between Madame de Chevreuse and Aramis (150)

In this manner they passed along a winding gallery of some length, with as many staircases leading out of it as are to be found in the mysterious and gloomy palaces of Ann Radcliffe's creation. (174)

3. Comparison

The comparison’s conjunction are than, more...than, and as...as Examples:


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the theater of this world—it is far better to wear a fine coat and to talk a fine language, than to walk the boards shod with a pair of old shoes (203) Mithridates drank in twenty years, in order to try and avoid death, than have betrayed my secret to the king." (227)

This crime more execrable than an assassination! this crime which dishonors my name forever, and entails upon me the horror of posterity." (231)

In this soft shade, the eyes were by degrees dilated, and every one present saw others rather with imagination than with actual sight. (265)

You think that I have seen the king only twice, whilst the fact is I have seen him more than a hundred times; only we have kept it very secret, that is all (219)

The king desires me to inform you that he is more than ever your friend, and that your beautiful fete (219)

Aramis had just been recounting to him was nothing more than a dream, and whether the fable itself was not the snare (238)

And he accompanied that reply with a glance more pregnant with injurious allusion, as far as Fouquet was concerned, than politeness. (page 246) The usurper, as far as Monsieur d'Herblay's conscience was concerned, was still a king of the blood of Louis XIII. Moreover, the conspirator, in that course, would have had security, secrecy, impunity. (254)


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4. Contrast

The contrast conjunction are although, even though, though Examples:

A courier came in about eight o’clock as Francois brought in the fifth bottle, and although the courier made a great noise (83)

D'Artagnan cast his glance all round the room; and although he did not open his lips (201)

M. d'Artagnan, who was very polite, presented himself, about ten o'clock, at the lodgings of the surintendant to pay his respectful compliments; and

although the minister suffered from fever, although he was in such pain as to be bathed in sweat (389)

He declined all nourishment, and his terrified people, although he did not complain, although he wore a smile upon his lips, although he continued to speak with his sweet voice—his people went to Blois in search of the ancient physician of the late Monsieur (542)

A stone would hardly have been found of the size of an egg the whole way from Melun to Vaux; so that the carriages, rolling along as though on a carpet (133)

It was useless, though he tried it, to make the same noise again on his door, had taken the direction of the south, and gone as far as the Mediterranean, towards Toulon. (308)


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and equally useless that he threw the plates and dishes out of the window (187)

M. de Beaufort looked the young man in the face, and read plainly, though his eyes were cast down, the fire of resolution before which everything must give way. (290)

A woman, ever vigilant, she did not think she ought to let the opportunity slip of making good her justification; but Raoul, though stopped by her in the middle of the gallery (295)

5. Condition

The condition’s conjunction are if, unless, whether...or, even if, in case

and otherwise.

Examples:

Well, said Dame Perronette; and if the letter has fallen into the well, tis all the same as if it was burns all her letters every time she comes (15)

If you have sought me for my destruction; if you are only a tool in the hands of my enemies; if from our conference, in which you have sounded the dephts of my mind, anything, worse than captivity result, that is to say, if death befall me, still receive my blessing, for you will have ended my troubles and given me repose from the tormenting fever that has preyed on me for eight long, weary years (29)


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30 middle of the general table (135)

D'Artagnan, still confused and oppressed by the conversation he had just had with the king, could not resist asking himself if he were really in possession of his senses, if he were really and truly at Vaux; if he, D'Artagnan, were really the captain of the musketeers, and M. Fouquet the owner of the

chateau in which Louis XIV. was at that moment partaking of his hospitality (189)

I will be talked of, I tell you; I shall be killed whether or not; if not there, somewhere else." (285)

And be sure to bring the vicomte with you, whether he follows me or does not follow me," added the duke; "he has my word, and I only ask yours." (290)

I calculated that it would take ten minutes before he would gain place of concealment, even if quessing where i was, he came straight to it; and twenty if he were obliged to look for me (18)

When Porthos enjoined Raoul de Bragelonne to give D'Artagnan all that he would ask, he knew well, our worthy Porthos, that D'Artagnan would ask or take nothing; and in case he did demand anything, none but himself could say what. (538)

Then we return to the prisoner the valuables he wore at the time of his imprisonment, his clothes and papers, if the minister’s orders have not otherwise dictated (95)


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Your majesty's mind is disturbed by anger; otherwise you would be far from offending, groundlessly, the very one of your servants who has rendered you the most important service of all." (255)

6. Purpose

The purpose’s conjunction are so that, in order that, and in order to. Examples:

They designate two pieces of furniture which reflect objects; so that, for instance, you may see in them your own lineaments, as you see mine now, with the naked eye (19)

You remember having related to me the story of the Roman general Antony, who had always seven wild boars kept roasting , each cooked up to a different point; so that he might be able to have his dinner at any time of the day he choose to ask for it (35)

A stone would hardly have been found of the size of an egg the whole way from Melun to Vaux; so that the carriages, rolling along as though on a carpet (133)

Baisemeaux ordered the drums to be beaten and the bell to be rung, as a warning to every one to retire, in order to avoid meeting a prisoner, about whom it was desired to observe a certain mystery. (179)

He was called upon to construct, in order to present them to his master from the fear of rendering him jealous. (120)


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When this little army appeared before Melun, the chief magistrates came out to meet the king, and to present him with the keys of the city, and invited him to enter the Hotel de Ville, in order to partake of the wine of honor. (128) In order that the whole of the king's household should enter Vaux, four hours at least were necessary, owing to the different arrangements. (129) I say, that I should have been mad enough to rouse the whole house and allow myself to be seen in the corridor of the bishop of Vannes, in order that M. Colbert might state with positive certainty that I gave you time to burn your papers." (198)

7. Place

The Place’s conjunctions are where and wherever. Examples:

That idea takes from my mind all bitterness, and leads me only to blame myself. You will accept this last farewell, and you will bless me for having taken refuge in the inviolable asylum where hatred is extinguished, and where all love endures forever. (336)

Fouquet had not quitted the terrace where he had been left by his guide (398)

We love each other too dearly," said the comte, "that from this moment, in which we separate, a portion of both our souls should not travel with one and the other of us, and should not dwell wherever we may dwell.


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33 8. Time

The time’s conjunction are after, before, when, while, since, as, and as soon as.

Examples:

The man who had delivered the note, looking round him on the place and making signs to several persons, who disappeared in the adjacent streets, after having themselves repeated the signals. (397)

Here D'Artagnan passed on before the surintendant, whom, till that time, he had respectfully accompanied, and entered the royal cabinet. (397)

"Sire," said he, suddenly, "since the goodness of the king watches over my health to the point of dispensing with my labor (401)

At the extremity of the mole, against which the furious sea beats at the evening tide, two men, holding each other by the arm, were conversing in an animated and expansive tone, without the possibility of any other human being hearing their words, borne away, as they were, one by one, by the gusts (347)

In fact, you will carry your money against all chances; and, whilst flying, you will only have obeyed the king; then, reaching the sea, when you like, you will embark for Belle-Isle, and from Belle-Isle you will shoot out wherever it may please you, like the eagle that leaps into space when it has been driven from its eyrie." (368)


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of wind, with the white foam swept from the crests of the waves. (427) As soon as he came towards them, Porthos and Aramis observed an officer who followed D'Artagnan, treading apparently in his very steps. (442)

9. Result

The result’s conjunctions are consequently, therefore, and thus

Examples:

They will see the forces we have at our disposal; they will consequently know to what they have to trust, and the fate that attends them, in case of rebellion. (449)

"Monsieur," said Biscarrat to the bishop, "you may save all these inhabitants, but thus you will neither save yourself nor your friend." (466)

"And, therefore, I have been astonished, sire," retorted the musketeer, "that a captain like myself, who ranks with a marechal of France, should have found himself under the orders of five or six lieutenants or majors, good to make spies of, possibly, but not at all fit to conduct a warlike expedition. (516)


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3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method

This paper was written by uses library research. In the library is full of one or more books that full of material. The writer read and write for the books. The writer collected some literary books especially books that are relevant to the topic that can support the description of grammar, especially conjunction books as reference to finish the paper. Library is a place that full of books, material, and agenda. The writer choosed that place because can get many information about the topic that want to do about description. Not only from the books, information also can get from internet to support the data description.

3.2 Data and Data Sources

All data are sentences that contained of conjunctions found in the novel “The Man In the Iron mask” written by Alexandre Dumas as the source of the data. Alexandre written two books , first is The Three Musketeers and the second is The Man in the Iron Mask. The writer choosed “The Man in the Iron Mask” because the novel is interesting story and full of conjunction so its not difficult to find and describe about conjunction.

The novel “The Man in the Iron Mask” consist of 572 pages and contains 60 chapters with its topic and subtopic are different in each chapters. The writer choosed one or two examples between all topics.


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36 3.3 Data Collecting Method

A method is need when a writer want to describe about something that want to observed. So, in the novel “The Man in The Iron Mask, the writer used one method that can help to observes the use of conjunctions in the novel. In this case, the method very important. It explain about how to describe and how to make the description.

3.4 Data Description Method

In description, the writer used descriptive method that can explain and interpretate the object according the fact. The descriptive strategy have relation between variable, test the hyphotesis, develop generalisation and develop the theory that as universal validality. Descriptive research is a research about phenomenon or population that get from researcher from subject like individual, organization, industry or perspective. Between that, descriptive research method is a method that collected for questions or hypotesis related with situation and condition. In general, the descriptive research method was done to get purpose. The purpose are to explain and describe systematically the fact and characteristic of the object. Descriptive research design as the best approach research because it offers precise. In descriptive research design research will count and classify, and build statistical models to then explain what is observed. Descriptive research do to answer the question about what, where, how, who, and when be related with the characteristic from population or phenomenon.


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4. DESCRIPTION OF CONJUNCTION 4.1 Grammatical Description

Marianne and Diane (1950: 295) says that in fact the only rule that have encountered for generating subordinate sentence within the current set of phrase structure rules has been the adverbial clause expansion rule

Advl.Cl (Adverbial clause) Adv Sub S (Adverbial Subordinate Sentence.

It will be deal with some surface structure sentences which are

composed of two or more nonsubordinate (or independent) sentences in the base. In order to accomodate sentences of this type, the writer have to add a new rule to list of phrase structure rules:

S Conj + S²+n

The ruel allow to rewrite S as a conjunction followed by two or more sentences.

A rule such as the above one will allow us to generate basic structures such as the following sentences:

1.) I am pres playing a doll

2.) She pres cut the paper conj. and

3.) He pres clean his garage

The conjunction movement transformation copies the initial conjunction so that it occurs between each conjoined sentences in the base and then erases the original conjunction.


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Then if started from Output of base sentence are become: and I am pres playing a doll She pres cut the paper He pres clean his garage. And make the conjunction movement become I am pres playing a doll and She pres cut the paper and He pres clean his garage.

An additional transformation, non final conjunction deletion, optionally allows to replace each nonfinal conjunction with a comma. The nonfinal

conjunction deletion is become: I am pres playing a doll, She pres cut the paper and He pres clean his garage.

The example show to represented the type of conjoined sentences. Another types of conjoined structure with something contrast or conflict. This is the

example of another structure:

The van is pres slowly to stop moving My car is pres still faster to move

Conj.but

In this examples, the sentences can call for the conjunction but to be inserted in the base; however the derivational process would be almost the same as it was for the earlier example with and. So, The sentence become “ The van is slowly to stop moving but My car is still faster to move”.

As the alternative presupposed, a conjoined structure result from a base in which the truth of only one of two or more sentences will be aquintance.

Boggy can give the suggestion Boggy can reject the statement After make one or two sentences, the conjunction of or is used. After applying conjunction movement, no further transformation are needed. It can get by the surface structure string : “Boggy can give the suggestion or Boggy can


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39 reject the statement”.

To conclude the conjunction, The writer will gave one final coordinating conjunction. This conjoined structure is derived from a base which contains two negative sentences, both of them are true.

She pres said she is not going He pres said he is not staying

Conj.nor

After the appropriate the transformations would get: “ She is not going, nor He is staying.

You will see from the example sentence why the writer said that conjoined sentences with nor were more complicated than the others when considered. First off all, after the nor gets relocated through conjunction

movement, it absorb the negative particle NOT in the second sentence, leaving the second sentence without an overt negative. Second, subject/ auxilary inversion must take place in the second sentence in order to generate grammatical surface structure.

4.2 Types of Coordinating Conjunction Transformation Structure

Marianne and Diane (1950: 295) explained about three transformation structure of conjoined sentences. First is conjoined sentences with identical information. Second is conjoined sentences with identical negative elements. Third is conjoined sentences with identical major constituent. Now, the writer will explained about all kind of transformation structures.


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4.2.1 Conjoined Sentences With Identical Information

Conjoined sentences that are more typical that any of the above examples contain some identical information in the underlying sentences since the we don’t usually conjoin sentences that have nothing in common. In many such cases we can substitute a pro-form and retain all the major constituent present in the base.

In the following tree, the subject NPs (noun phrase structure) of both of the underlying sentences contain identical information:

Jack pres is teaching a student He pres teach in musical school

Conj.and

With a conjunction movement transformation, a pro-form substitution of Jack and he will derived with subject-verb. It wil derived become a sentence:

Jack is teaching a student and He teach in musical school

Looked for the example sentence. The first sentence and the second sentences, when the writer give the transformation movement it become one sentences. Both of sentences become one sentences and put “and” conjunction between them. So, it become a new sentences that conjoined with and

conjunction.

4.2.2 Conjoined Sentences With Identical Negative Elements

The conjoined sentences with identical negative elements applies of NOT. NOT is a set of:

We pres DO + N’T singing They pres DO + N’T singing


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The writter presentation that NOT placement, DO support, and Not contraction have all taken place in the constituent sentences. The only change needed in such a derivation is the addition of either instead of the too that was added when both sentences were accept. This is both of sentences were affirmative.

First the writer make a Derived output. Derived output must to show to make the reader understand about the structure before the sentences become a sentences that have conjunction between them. (Derived output is the sentence which take from the output before the conjunction formed between the conjoined sentence). So, derived output produce: and We pres + DO + N’T singing They pres DO + N’T singing.

Second, make the Conjunction movement and produce: We pres DO + NT singing and They pres DO + NT singing. Conjunction movement has a purpose to make a sentences become a complete sentences with using and conjunction between two sentences.

Third, Pro-verb phrase substitution: We pres DO + N’T singing and They pres DO + N’T. Proverb phrase substitution is a changing word or phrase in place of verb. After conjunction movement, pro-verb subtitution must be used.

Fourth, Either addition: We pres DO + N’T singing and They pres DO + N’T either. Either used to increasing between two sentences for a negative elements that has a function to explain about two element is also has a same statement.


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42 We don’t singing and they don’t either.

The writer also want to completely of this sentences by another version and using “neither” conjunction. Before continued the new version of the sentences, step back to the “either” addition so, it can following the steps:

NOT incorporation: She pres DOES + N’T visited him and He pres DOES visited neither.

This rule takes preceding NOT or N’T and combine it into either, and forming neither.

Negative constituent fronting: She pres DOES + N’T visits and neither He pres does visits him.

Subject/auxilary inversion: She pres DOES + N’T visits and neither visits him pres DOES He

Subject verb agreement and the morphological rules produced: She doesn’t visits him and neither does He

4.2.3 Conjoined Sentences With Identical Major Constituent

Noun phrases, verb phrases, or adjective phrases included of major

constituent. They’re identical, however, it can delete the repeated constituent. As a deletion necessitates a restructuring of the base, which is turn result in single clause at the surface structure level.

This is the example sentences with identical subject NPS (noun phrase structure) would be conjoined in this manner:


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Bob is teaching english and live in North Sumatera

Conj.and

The further application application of subject verb-agreement, and morphological rules yields: Bob is teaching english and live in North Sumatera. The entire derivation is given below:

Output of base: and Bob pres is teaching english and Bob pres live in North Sumatera

Conjunction movement: Bob pres is teaching english and Bob pres live in North Sumatera

Identical constituent deletion: Bob pres is teaching english and øø live in North Sumatera.

Identical constituent deletion has a function to delete an affluent words that can effect the sentences meaning.

Subject verb agreement: Bob is teaching english and live in North

Sumatera

Another examples of conjunction’s restructures sentences with identical verb phrases:

John pres bake a cake Susan pres bake a cake

Conj.and

The writer will be applies the subject-verb agreement, and morphological rules by the result: John and Susan bake a cake. Here are the derivation that can represented as follows:


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Output of base: and John pres bake a cake Susan pres bake a cake Conjunction movement: John pres bake a cake and Susan pres bake a

cake Identical constituent deletion: John pres bake a cake and Susan øøø Restructuring: John and Susan pres bake a cake

Morphological rules: John and Susan bake a cake

The two major deletion and restructuring patterns already illustrated with identical subjects and verb phrases. Then sentences changed by the transformation by restructuring conjunction movement and it become a new sentences. The conjunction of “ and” put between two subject.

4.3 Correlative Conjunction Transformation Structure

When the reader flash back about the coordinating conjunction, it occured two or more sentences were generated as one along with a coordinating conjunction of “ and, but, or, or nor” . When two sentences are coordinate, the conjunction or conjoined elements may be preceded by correlative conjunction.

Here are the connecting structure:

Both (conjunction 1) and (conjunction 2) either (conjunction 1) or (conjunction 2) neither (conjunction 1) nor (conjunction 2)

When a correlatives is used in a surface structure sentences, it

emphasizes the coordinate status of the two constituents. The second sentence in a following pair, for instance, intensifies the coordination between the two object NP (noun phrase) constituent:


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Claire and Meggy read megazine Both Claire and Meggy read megazine

Conj.and

Above of the sentences is a rule that called “correlative addition’ that applied to the first member of correlative pair before the conjoined constituents. It shows in second sentence as an emphatic variant of the first. Another rule of correlative movement that allow to produce a pharaphrase of the second sentence above by moving the correlative conjunction to a position preceding the

restructured verb phrase:

Claire and Meggy both read megazine

When the two VPs (verb phrase structure) which are conjoined, it have a sentence with correlative addition such as:

Claire reads both megazine and newspaper

The correlative movement rule optionally apply to move the correlative conjunction to a position following the two conjuncts of:

Claire reads megazine and newspaper both

Claire pres reads megazine Claire pres reads newspaper

Conj. And

Output of base: and Claire pres reads megazine Claire reads newspaper Conjunction movement: Claire pres reads megazine and Claire reads

newspaper

Identical constituent deletion: Claire pres reads megazine and øøø


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Restructuring: Claire pres reads megazine and newspaper Correlative addition: Claire pres reads both megazine and newspaper Correlative movement: Claire pres reads megazine and newspaper both Subject-verb agreement and morphological rules: Claire reads megazine and newspaper.

Like both...and combination, the addition of either to two

sentences conjoined by or results is an emphatic version of the conjoined sentence. Unlike the both...and pair, however, eiher...or can conjoin full

sentences as well as phrases.

Full sentences

I will get a new clothes or My sister will get a new clothes. Either I will get a new clothes or My sister will get a new clothes. Phrases

I or My sister will get a new clothes.

Either I or My sister will get a new clothes.

Either...or is the corellative movement that can occur only when identical subjects rather than identical verb pharases and being conjoined when at least one auxiliary verb is present.

Identical Verb Phrases

Either I and My sister will get a new clothes I and My sister will get a new clothes


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47 Full Sentences

I will get a new clothes My sister will get a new clothes

Conj.or

Output of base: or I will get a new clothes My sister will get a new clothes Conjunction movement: I will get a new clothes or my sister will get a new clothes

Pronoun phrase substitution: I will get a new clothes or my sister get it (And additional surface deletion here would produce: Either I will get a new clothes or my sister will).

From that sentences, it will applies output of base, conjunction movement, identical constituent deletion, restructuring, and correlative addition. Here are the entire derivation:

Output of base: or I will get a new clothes My sister will get a new clothes Conjunction movement: I will get a new clothes or My sister will get a

new clothes

Identical constituent deletion: I will get a new clothes or My sister øøøø Restructuring: I or My sister will get a new clothes

Correlative addition: Either I or My sister will get a new clothes

Identical Subjects Full Sentences

James can read James can’t read


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Output of base: or James can read James can’t read

Conjunction movement: James can read or James can’t read

Correlative addition: either James can read or James can’t read

Correlative movement optional: (a) James either can read or James can’t read; (b) James can either read or James can’t read

Phrases

I can live I can go

Conj. Or

Output of base: or I can live I can go

Conjunction movement: I can live or I can go Identical constituent deletion: I can live or øø go Restructuring: I can live or go

Correlative addition: I either can live or go Correlative movement: I can either live or go

The final type of correlative structure to be considered here signals two negative alternatives, both of which are assumed to be true. In such cases, nor is the conjunction used and neither is the partner of correlative conjunction. Here are the example sentence of neither...nor that once restructuring takes place and the correlative conjunction must be added:


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The correlative movement cannot take place with either subject noun phrases or verb phrases:

Bob nor Alice neither plays card Bob plays card nor plays gadget neither

There is the example sentences to shows the conjunction nor absorbs the NOT or N’T in the restructured sentences. However in this case the restructuring and the addition of neither also force the absorption of the DO auxiliary because it is not needed for subject/auxiliary inversion.

Identical Verb Phrases

Neither Alice nor Bob plays card

Alice pres do not play card Bob pres do not play card

Conj.nor

Derived output: nor Alice pres do not play card Bob pres do not play card Conjunction movement: Alice pres do not play card nor Bob pres do not play card

Identical constituent deletion: Alice pres do not plays nor Bob øøøø Restructuring: Alice nor Bob pres do not play card

Correlative addition: neither Alice nor Bob do not play card NOT/DO absorption: neither Alice nor Bob pres play card

Subject-verb agreement and morphological rules: Neither Alice nor Bob play card.


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50 Identical Subjects

Philip neither plays basketball nor plays football

Philip pres do not plays basketbal Philip pres do not plays football

conj.nor

Derived output: nor Philip pres do not plays basketball Philip pres do not plays football. (Derived output is the sentence which take from the output before the conjunction formed between the conjoined sentence.)

Conjunction movement: Philip do not plays basketball nor Philip pres do not plays football (Conjunction movement is the step to make a conjunction move between the conjoined sentences.)

Identical constituent deletion: Philip pres do not plays basketball nor øøøø football. (Identical constituent deletion that have a function to delete the affluent verb become one complete sentences.)

Restructuring: Philip pres do not plays basketball nor football

(Restructuring of conjoined sentence after deleting the identical constituent from the sentence: Philip pres do not plays basketball nor øøøø football become Philip pres do not plays basketball nor football.)

Correlative addition: Philip neither pres do not plays basketball nor football (Correlative addition is the step that add correlative addition of neither...nor between the obligatory sentences.)

NOT/DO absorption: Philip neither pres plays basketball nor football (NOT/DO absorption is the step will absorb the Not placement and do insertion


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and changed it become using of conjunction neither...nor in conjoined sentence) Subject-verb agreement and morphological rules: Philip neither plays basketball nor football.


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5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions

After describe the types of conjunction and the transformation’s structure, the writer conclude that:

1. There are 2 types of conjunction. They are Coordinating conjunction and Subordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunction are equal grammatically and have a structural units. Coordinating conjunction have 4 classified:

a.) Cumulative conjunction that marely add one statement to another. They are: and, as well as, not only...but also, and both...and

b.) Alternative conjunction which present a choice between two alternatives. They are: or, either...or, neither...nor, and otherwise

c.) Advertise conjunctions express contrast between two statement. They are: but, yet, while, however, still, nevertheless, and whereas

d.) Illative conjunctions express something inferred from another statement or fact. They are: therefore, so that, then, and for

Subordinating conjunction is connector which is used to join subordinate clause and main clause in complex sentences. Subordinating conjunction have 9 classified:

a.) Apposition conjunction is that b.) Cause


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53 c.) Comparison

They are: than, more than, and as...as d.) Contrast

They are: although, even though, and though e.) Condition

They are: if, unless, whether...or, even if, in case, and otherwise f.) Purpose

They are: so that, in order that, in order that, and in order to g.) Place

They are where and whereas h.) Time

They are: after, before, when, while, since, as, and as soon as i.) Result

They are: consequently, therefore, and thus

2. There are 3 types of conjunction transformation’s structure. First is conjoined sentences with identical information, second is conjoined sentences with identical negative elements, and the last is conjoined sentences with identical major constituent.

3. “ The Man in The Iron Mask” novel is used to find the conjunction and the conjunction are used to relate phrases, clauses, and the sentences in paragraph of novel.


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5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After describe the types of conjunction and the transformation’s structure, the writer conclude that:

1. There are 2 types of conjunction. They are Coordinating conjunction and Subordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunction are equal grammatically and have a structural units. Coordinating conjunction have 4 classified:

a.) Cumulative conjunction that marely add one statement to another. They are: and, as well as, not only...but also, and both...and

b.) Alternative conjunction which present a choice between two alternatives. They are: or, either...or, neither...nor, and otherwise

c.) Advertise conjunctions express contrast between two statement. They are: but, yet, while, however, still, nevertheless, and whereas

d.) Illative conjunctions express something inferred from another statement or fact. They are: therefore, so that, then, and for

Subordinating conjunction is connector which is used to join subordinate clause and main clause in complex sentences. Subordinating conjunction have 9 classified:

a.) Apposition conjunction is that b.) Cause


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53 c.) Comparison

They are: than, more than, and as...as d.) Contrast

They are: although, even though, and though e.) Condition

They are: if, unless, whether...or, even if, in case, and otherwise f.) Purpose

They are: so that, in order that, in order that, and in order to g.) Place

They are where and whereas h.) Time

They are: after, before, when, while, since, as, and as soon as i.) Result

They are: consequently, therefore, and thus

2. There are 3 types of conjunction transformation’s structure. First is conjoined sentences with identical information, second is conjoined sentences with identical negative elements, and the last is conjoined sentences with identical major constituent.

3. “ The Man in The Iron Mask” novel is used to find the conjunction and the conjunction are used to relate phrases, clauses, and the sentences in paragraph of novel.


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4.) The conjunction give a function that one word or clauses is related to another, then it make us understand the unity of the sentence in the novel and get the information easier.

5.2 Suggestions

There are some suggestions for all people who are interested in reading on writing:

1.) They must to understand to learn about conjunction and preposition because most of conjunction are historically derived from other parts of speech particulary from preposition.

2.) As we know, the conjunction have functions in sentences or paragraph. Try to make a sentences clearly, properly, and becareful to used the conjunction for a situation in sentences. It make it better when we understand how to write done and used it.

3.) I hope by this paper, when everyone read this paper, it will give the information and knowledge about the conjunction and make them good in writing.


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REFERENCES

Baker, Peter.s. 2007. Introduction to Od English. Singapore: Graphicraft Ltd. Edward, Arnold. and Chapman, Raymond. 2003. The Language of English

Literature. London: WCIB Publishing Ltd. Erlina. 2011. Metode Penelitian. Medan: USU Press,2011.

Hancock, Craig. 205. Meaning Centered Grammar. London: Eqinox Publishing Ltd.

Hasibuan, Sofia Rangkuti.1996. English Language Structure. Jakarta: Djambatan Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English. Amerika: Prentice Publishing Ltd.

Frank, Anne. 1990. English Grammar. London: Karoma Publishing.

Greenbaun, Sidneyand Quirk Randolp. 1990. A Student Grammar of The English Language. England: Longman.

Kardimin, Ahmad. 2005. Smart English Grammar. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Kaplan, Jeffry. 1985. English Grammar. London: Karoma Publishing.

Lamberts, J.J. 1972. A Short Introduction to English Usage. United States of America: The Book Press, Inc

Murcia and Diane. 1983. The Grammar Book. Los Angeles: Newbury House Publishers, Inc

Siswanto, Wahyudi. 2008. Pengantar Teori Sastra. Jakarta: Grasindo Indonesia. Suryadi and Junaida. 2007. Complete English Grammar. Yogyakarta: Pustaka

Pelajar.

Wilfred, Owen. 2006. The Language. England: Penguin books Ltd.

Winshon, George E. And Burks, Julia M. 1980. Let’s Write English Revised Edition, New York: Litton Educational Publishing Internasional.


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56 APPENDICES

THE BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR OF ALEXANDRE DUMAS

Alexandre Dumas (1802-70) was a contemporary of another great French novelist, Victor Hugo (1802-85). While Hugos chosen genre was humanistic romanticism. Among his works are his three novel about d’Artagnan, The Count of Monte Cristo and The Corsican Brorthers. He is best known for the first d’Artagnan story The Three Musketeers (1844). D’Artagnan is not actually one of the musketeer at the end of the story. Together with his musketeer friends Porthos, Athos and Aramis, they experience swashbuckling and rollickling adventures which captured the imagination of a wide readership not only in France, but worldwide. The three novels are set in seventeenth-century France and often described as cloak and sword in style.

Dumas was of mixed racial ancestry – his grandmother was Crole (of auropean and african descent) and he suffered racismm all of his life. When he


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died the authorities delivered a final insult by only allowing him to be buried in his place of birth, Villers-Cotterets, despite his great success and fame. In 2002, he remains were eventually inttered in the Pantheon in Paris, alongside Hugo and other luminaries.

The Man in the Iron Mask (1850) was inspired by the true tale of a mysterious prisoner who was held captive during the reign of King Louis XIV of France – otherwise known as the sun king. The man was incarcerated for 34 years and always wore a mask whenever visited relocated. The general consensus is that the man was related to the king in such a way that he presented a threat to the monarchy, which is why he had to be kept under lock and key. In the novel Dumas has him as Philipe, the twin brother of the king, with equal right to the throne. The musketeer Aramis plots to substitute Phillipe for Louis as part of a plan he has hatched to further his ambition to become complicated and do not go the way Aramis intended.

Dumas died on December 5, 1870, at his son's home in Puys, France. He was buried in the cemetery of Villers-Cotterets. In 2002, his body was moved to the Pantheon in Paris, where Dumas rests among such other French literary greats as Emile Zola, Victor Hugo and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.