2.2
Theoretical Background
In this theoretical background, there will be some explanations about speaking, material, e-book, curriculum, and speaking based on School-Based Curriculum.
2.2.1 Speaking
We need to speak to interact with others and to express our feelings, opinions, etc. People in the world speak in their own language. Whatever the language we use,
the essence of speaking is that the meaning or the information from one person can be delivered to the others.
2.2.1.1 General Concept of Speaking
Learning any language has to do with the four skills have to be mastered. The four skills are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Those skills are devided into
two kinds of skills, namely receptive and productive skills. Listening and reading are receptive skills, while speaking ang writing are the productive one. Among
those skills, speaking is the one that we do not stop to analyse unless there is something noticeable about it.
Nunan 2003:48 states about speaking as follows: “Many people feel that speaking in a new language is harder than
reading, writing, and listening for two reasons. First, unlike reading, speaking happens in real time: usually the person you are talking to is
waiting for you to speak right then. Second, when you speak, you cannot edit and revise what you wish to say, as you can if you are writing.
” Speaking skill is the ability to use language in oral form. In the junior high
school level, this skill is limited to the ability to conduct a simple conversation on some subjects. In the level of senior high school, however, the students need to be
able to access the knowledge by linguistic ability on some subjects i.e. making suggestions, requests, complaints, instructions, etc.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 1995, “speaking is making use of words in an ordinary voice; uttering words, knowing and being able
to use a language expressing one self in words; making a speech ”. While skill is
the ability to do something well. In conclusion, the definition of speaking skill lexically is the ability to utter words or sounds with the ordinary voice or the
ability to communicate vocally or to have conversation through practice, training or talent. Moreover, someone who wants to speak a foreign language has to know
the rules of that language, for example, grammar, vocabulary pronunciation,
word-formation, and apply them properly in communication. 2.2.1.2 The Importance of Speaking
Everywhere we go, we find language, includes English language. Nowadays, there are often a lot of English words we can see when walking on the street,
especially on the big cities like in the shops, streets, advertisements, or notices on buses or trains. It happens nearly in most countries in the world, since they are not
English speaking countries though. Language plays an important role in our life. We cannot live without any
languages to communicate. We need language to reveal any ideas, opinions, wishes and feelings in both spoken and written form. It is hard to imagine how
people can get along with one onother without any languages. We can understand and take information from others by using it. Oral communication do provides the
base for growth in reading, writing, and listening abilities. Seely 1995 states that
“speech serves two important functions in the classroom: the social and intellectual
” http:www.sasklearning.gov.sk.cadocs
mlaspeak.html. As a social function, speech helps the students to adjust ideas and ideas are formulated to facilitate their understanding. Within this functions,
the students share information and ideas with listeners by speaking informally and sharing through conversation. Speech is also used to form relationships through
the language. There are two kinds of speech, informal and formal. The informal speech
occurs when a person is talking to his family or close friends. He speaks spontaneously and freely to them. His speech is likely to include some slang
expressions, while the formal speech occurs when a person speaks before a group, when he speaks to his boss in the office or if we speak to someone elder than us.
Speech, as an intellectual function, shapes students‟ perceptions of the world and represents these perceptions as knowledge. Speech encourages the
students to reproduce and transform knowledge as they shift through observation, evaluate information, and compare views. Speech that transforms knowledge
increases critical thinking abilities and attentions of students.
2.2.2 Material
