Distribusi Tikus (Rodentia, Muridae) Di Gunung Bawakaraeng, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

i

DISTRIBUTION OF RATS (RODENTIA, MURIDAE)
IN BAWAKARAENG MOUNTAIN, SOUTH SULAWESI
INDONESIA

MUH. RIZALDI TRIAS JAYA PUTRA NURDIN

GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015

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STATEMENT ABOUT THESIS, INFORMATION SOURCES,
AND ACT OF SPILLING OVER COPYRIGHTS*
By this writing I clarify that the thesis entitled Distribution of Rats
(Rodentia, Muridae) in Bawakaraeng Mountain, South Sulawesi, Indonesia is my

own work under the supervisions of the advising committee and hasn’t been
proposed for any institution. Copied information source of published and
unpublished writing of other author has been mentioned in the text and
incorporated in the references at the last part of this thesis.
By this writing I hand over the copyright of my thesis to Bogor Agricultural
University.
Bogor, February 2015
Muh. Rizaldi Trias Jaya Putra Nurdin
NIM G352120141

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RINGKASAN
MUH. RIZALDI TRIAS JAYA PUTRA NURDIN. Distribusi Tikus (Rodentia,
Muridae) di Gunung Bawakaraeng, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia. Dibimbing oleh
BAMBANG SURYOBROTO dan IBNU MARYANTO.
Tikus (Ordo Rodentia, Famili Muridae) terdiri dari lima subfamili yang
telah diketahui sampai saat ini, salah satunya subfamili murinae, 129 genus dan
584 spesies yang ada di dunia. Di Indonesia terdapat sekitar 40 genus dan 156
spesies. Distribusi dan keanekaragaman tikus dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan

seperti kerapatan vegetasi, iklim, ketinggian, tipe habitat, sumber makanan,
penyakit, predasi dan eksploitasi habitat oleh manusia. Sulawesi merupakan salah
satu pulau yang terletak di Indonesia dan juga merupakan salah satu daerah
dengan keanekaragaman jenis yang tinggi. Famili Muridae di Sulawesi Selatan
masih dikategorikan sangat sedikit, sehingga informasi mengenai jumlah,
distribusi, maupun jenis tikus masih sedikit.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan komposisi tikus,
keanekaragaman, preferensi habitat dan pengaruh fase bulan terhadap jumlah
individu tikus yang ditangkap. Analisis data yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini
yaitu menghitung estimasi jumlah tikus yang ditemukan setiap malam
penangkapan dan analisis komponen utama untuk melihat preferensi habitat serta
korelasi antara fase bulan dengan jumlah individu tikus yang ditangkap.
Pengumpulan spesimen tikus dilapangan menggunakan dua jenis
perangkap yaitu perangkap kurungan dan perangkap jepit serta dua jenis umpan
yaitu kelapa bakar dan ikan kering. Sepuluh garis transek diletakkan di setiap tipe
habitat, setiap garis transek terdapat 20 perangkap. Setelah tikus berhasil
didapatkan selanjutnya dilakukan penandaan berupa penomoran spesimen dan
dimasukkan kedalam larutan formalin 10 % untuk diawetkan.
Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan sebanyak empat genus dan 10 jenis tikus.
diantaranya yaitu: Rattus hoffmani, R. dommermani, R. exulans, Bunomys

andrewsi, B. chrysocomus, B. heinrichi, Taeromys celebensis, T. hamatus,
Paruromys dominator, dan Paruromys sp. Pendugaan banyaknya spesies tikus
yang terdapat di gunung Bawakaraeng dapat dihitung berdasarkan banyaknya
jumlah spesies yang didapatkan pada 42 malam penangkapan. Hasil analisis
menjelaskan bahwa pendugaan jumlah spesies yang seharusnya didapatkan
mencapai 11 spesies.
Indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener menunjukkan nilai indeks yang
tinggi terdapat pada hutan primer (H’=1.805) dan nilai keanekaragaman terendah
terdapat di hutan pinus (H’=0.775). Sedangkan nilai kemerataan yang tertinggi
terdapat di hutan primer (E=0.8214) dan nilai kemerataan yang terendah terdapat
di agroforestry (E=0.6929). Hubungan antara spesies dan habitat menggunakan
Analisis Komponen Utama, menunjukkan bahwa variasi yang dapat dijelaskan
mengunakan tiga komponen sebesar 99% dari total varians. Komponen 1
menjelaskan 65.27%, komponen 2 sebesar 30.12% dan komponen 3 sebesar
3.63%. Genus Rattus dan Bunomys lebih berkorelasi terhadap hutan pegunungan
bagian bawah yaitu kebun campuran dan agroforestry, sedangkan genus
Taeromys dan Paruromys lebih berkorelasi terhadap hutan pegunungan bagian
atas yaitu hutan sekunder dan hutan primer.

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Hasil Analisis Komponen Utama memperlihatkan aktifitas tikus erat
kaitannya dengan fase bulan. Variasi yang dapat dijelaskan mengunakan tiga
komponen sebesar 98,59%. Komponen 1 menjelaskan 80,14%, komponen 2
sebesar 16,82% dan komponen 3 sebesar 1,63%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan
beberapa spesies mengelompok pada fase bulan tertentu. Dua fase bulan yang
memiliki peran penting bagi kemunculan tikus yaitu bulan baru dan bulan
purnama, jumlah individu lebih banyak ditemukan pada bulan baru sedangkan
jumlah spesies lebih banyak ditemukan pada bulan purnama.
Kata kunci : Tikus, distribusi, preferensi habitat, fase bulan.

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SUMMARY
MUH. RIZALDI TRIAS JAYA PUTRA NURDIN. Distribution of Rats
(Rodentia, Muridae) in Bawakaraeng Mountain, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Supervised by BAMBANG SURYOBROTO and IBNU MARYANTO
Rats (Order Rodentia, Family Muridae) consists of five subfamilies which
one subfamily murinae, 129 genera and 584 species in the world. In Indonesia,
there are 40 genera and 156 species. Rats distribution and diversity are influenced
by environmental factors, they are vegetation density, climate, altitude, habitat

types, food sources, diseases, predation and habitat exploitation by humans.
Sulawesi is one of the island located in Indonesia and also one of the areas with
high species diversity, while family Muridae in South Sulawesi are poorly known.
This study aims to determine the rats composition and diversity, habitat
preferences and moon phases effect on the number of individual rats were
captured. Data analysis in this research is to determine the estimated number of
rats found each captured and principal component analysis to see the habitat
preferences as well as the correlation between the moon phases with a number of
rats individual were captured.
Specimen collection using two types of traps, they are cage trap and snap
trap and two types of bait that are coconut roasted and dried fish. Ten line transect
which contain 20 traps were placed in each habitat types. Captured rats
individuals were marking and put into 10% formalin for preserved.
A total four genera and 10 species of rodents were captured, they are
Rattus hoffmani, R. dommermani, R. exulans, Bunomys andrewsi, B.
chrysocomus, B. heinrici, Taeromys celebensis, T. hamatus, Paruromys
dominator, and Paruromys sp. The estimation species number that were found in
the mountain Bawakaraeng were calculated based on the number of species found
in 42 nights. The results of analysis explains that the estimation species number
that were reached about 11 species.

Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed a highest index value in the
primary forest (H '= 1.805) and the lowest value of diversity found in pine forests
(H' = 0.775). While the highest evennes value in primary forest (E = 0.8214) and
the lowest value in agroforestry (E = 0.6929). The relationship between species
and habitats using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) can be explained using
three component of 99% the total variance, they are 65.27% (PC1), 30.12% (PC2)
3.63% (PC3). The genera Rattus and Bunomys were correlated with lower
mountain forests they are mixed garden and agroforestry, while the genera
Taeromys and Paruromys were correlated with upper mountain forests, they are
secondary and primary forest.
Principal Component Analysis rats showed the activity closely associated
with the moon phases. Variation can be explained using three factors of 98.59%,
they are explains 80.14% (PC1), 16.82% (PC2) and 1.63% (PC 3). The analysis
showed some species were correlated with moon phases. Rats individuals
captured were commonly found in new moon and full moon, the number of
individuals are more commonly found in a new moon, while rats species number
were commonly found in full moon.
Keywords : Rat, Distribution, Habitat preferences, Moon phase.

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© Copy Right owned by IPB, year 2015
All right reserved
No part of this document may be reproduced or trasmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, copying, recording or otherwise, without prior
written permission from IPB.

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DISTRIBUTION OF RATS (RODENTIA, MURIDAE)
IN BAWAKARAENG MOUNTAIN, SOUTH SULAWESI
INDONESIA

MUH. RIZALDI TRIAS JAYA PUTRA NURDIN

An Undergraduate Thesis
In partial fullfilment of Master Science degree in Animal
Bioscience

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science

GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015

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External Member Supervisor Comitte : Dr Ir Dedy Duryadi Solihin, DEA

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FOREWORDS
All praise to Allah SWT for all the hope and give I have got this far. My study
and thesis research would not have been accomplished without the help of many
people. Special thanks to Dr. Bambang Suryobroto and Prof (Ris) Ibnu Maryanto
as supervisory committee, for all guidance and encouragement as well as
invaluable academic advices for the whole period of my study and research.
Thanks to Direktoral Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi (DIKTI) for Beasiswa Unggulan,

Goverment of Gowa, South Sulawesi, staff of Biology Laboratory Makassar
University, Tata Family and All staff of Zoology LIPI. My friends Husni
Mubarok, Agmal Qodri and Ellena Yusti thanks for help in the field. To all my
friends in BSH 2012 and Andika House crew Ariandi, Sunardi, Lukman, Yuzar,
Muh. Nur Kholis, Andi Baso Manguntungi, Kak Syamdi, and specially my best
friend Andi Dewi Rizka AM thanks for support and friendship. Further, I am
highly indebted to my beloved family parents, my Father Drs. H.Nurdin, My
Mother Hj. Sinarwati, and my sisters Risna Ekawati, Rezki Dwi Yanti, Refalinda
Maharani for their love and support who always inspire and encourage me for
higher education.
Bogor, February 2015
Muh. Rizaldi Trias Jaya Putra Nurdin

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES

vi

LIST OF FIGURE

vi

LIST OF APENDIXES

vi

1 INTRODUCTION
Background
Aims

1
1
1

2 METHODS
Study Sites
Specimen Collection
Specimen Identification

Reproduction Status
Number of Rats in Relation of Moon Phase
Data Analysis

2
2
3
4
5
5
5

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS
Species Captured
Reproduction Status
Habitat Preferences
Number of Rats in Relation of Moon Phase
DISCUSSIONS
Species Captured
Habitat preferences
Number of Rats in Relation of Moon Phase

6
6
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12

4 CONCLUSIONS

12

REFERENCES
APPENDIXES 1
APPENDIXES 2
APPENDIXES 3
APPENDIXES 4
APPENDIXES 5
BIOGRAPHY

12
15
18
21
22
23
30

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LIST OF TABLES
1
2
3
4

Habitat type description in Bawakaraeng Mountain
Distribution of traps per habitat type
Total effort of rat species in various habitat types
Comparison of diversity and evenness index based on habitat type and
Altitude
5 Total variance and value principle component analysis
6 Total effort of rats species in moon phases

3
4
6
7
9
9

LIST OF FIGURES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Collecting specimens sites
Trap of rat
Morphology of rat
Rat morphology skull
Estimation number of rats
Principal Component Analysis (PC1, PC2, PC3) of Habitat Preferences
Principal Component Analysis (PC1, PC2, PC3) of Moon Phases

2
3
4
4
6
8
10

LIST OF APPENDIXES
1
2
3
4
5

Habitat types of rats
Morphology and skull of captured rats
Number of species an individuals per habitat
Total value axis principle component analysis
Rats specimen cataloged in LIPI Cibinong

15
18
21
22
23

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1 INTRODUCTION
Background
Rat (Ordo Rodentia, family Muridae) consists of five subfamily, one of
them is murinae subfamily, includes 129 genera and 584 species that have been
discovered in the world (Musser and Carleton 2005). In Indonesia there are 40
genera and 156 rats species and some of them are endemic in certain areas
(Suyanto et al. 2002). They show great diversity in ecology, morphology,
behavior and life history strategies (Yihune and Bekele 2012). Rats occupy a wide
range of natural habitats, including forests and grasslands, agricultural landscapes,
villages and townships (Aplin et al. 2003). Rats formed vital components of
ecosystems, they interact extensively with their environments and their activities
have beneficial effects on other organisms in different ecosystems. Rats are
important dietary components for many carnivorous small mammal, raptors, and
reptile (Davies 2002).
Distribution and diversity of rats are affected by environmental factors
such as disease, predation, climate, altitude, type of habitat, food resources, and
habitat exploitation by humans (Johnson and Horn 2008; Heaney et al. 2005).
Many studies have documented that the distribution and diversity of rats decrease
with in creasing density of shrubs and trees (Rosenzweig and Winakur 1969).
Sulawesi is one of the islands located in Indonesia and also one of the are
as with high species diversity (Myers et al. 2000). Many mammalian fauna of
Sulawesi are specific because of very long period of isolation. The location of
Sulawesi is with in the area of Wallacea, the geography which for millions of
years ago were never fused with Sahuland and Sunda lands (Musser and
Dagosto1987). There are 47 species of rodents that widespreadly distributed in
Sulawesi (Suyanto et al. 2002).
Muridae Family in South Sulawesi is poorly known including information
on the number, distribution, and species has not been recorded . Bawakaraeng
mountain is the second highest mountain in the province of South Sulawesi, (S
05°19'01" and E 119°56'40" ), with a height at 2830 meters above sea level (m
asl) it is located ± 90 km from the city of Makassar. The forest type in the
mountain are lowland forest, lower montane forest (secondary) and upper
montane forests (primary) (Hasnawir et al. 2006). Despite the publications of
Musser and Dagosto (1987) and Suyanto et al. (1998) little is known regarding the
distribution of rat species in relation to vegetation, habitat, and altitude.
Aims
This study aims to determine the rats composition and diversity, habitat
preferences and relation between captured individual rat with the moon phases in
Bawakaraeng Mountain.

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2 METHODS
Study site
This research was conducted for three months from September to
November 2013. There were five main types of habitat: Mixed agricultured
(1300-1499 m asl), Agroforestry (1500-1699 m asl), Pine forest (1700-1899 m
asl), Secondary forest (1900-2099 m asl), and Primary forest (2200 m asl) (Figure
shown appendix 1).

1
2

3
4

5

Figure 1. Specimen collection site (1) MA = Mixed Agricultured (1300-1499
masl);(S05 ° 15'049 "E119 ° 53'934"); (2) AF = Agroforestry 15001699 masl); (S05 ° 15'029 "E119 ° 53'56, 0"); (3) PiF = Pine forest
(1700-1899); (S05 ° 15'488'' E119 ° 54'530''); (4) SF = Secondary
forest (1900 - 2099 masl); (S05 ° 16'47'' E 119 ° 55'01''); (5) PF =
Primary forest (>2100 masl); (S 05 ° 17'12'' E 119 ° 55'48'').

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Table 1. Habitat types description in Bawakaraeng mountain
No

Habitat Types

Elevation
( m asl)
1300-1499

1

Mixed
Agricultured

2

Agroforestry

1500-1699

3

Pine Forest

1700-1899

4

Secondary
Forest

1900-2099

5

Primary Forest

>2100

Description
The dominant vegetation which are
trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowering
plants. In this area were found a variety
of fruit plants, such as guava and
banana.
The dominant vegetation which are trees
and shrubs are grown around or among
crops or pastureland. It combines
agricultural and forestry to create more
diverse.
The dominant vegetation which are pine,
shrubs, herbs, and ferns. This area were
directly adjacent to forest plantation.
The forest area has a cliffs and
waterfalls. Vegetation in this habitat in
the form of fruit trees, ferns, shrubs, and
herbs.
The forest area has a cliffs, small caves
and river. Vegetation in this habitat
which are trees, ferns, shrubs, and herbs.

Specimen Collection
Captured rats using two types of traps are live traps made of wire with
dimensions of 28 × 12 × 12 cm and trap-flops are made of iron, each trap as many
as 100 traps, as the appeal we use two types of bait that is roasted coconut and
dried fish. Life and snap traps placed randomly with intervals 5 meters per trap
(Table 2). Rats were capture then taken manually, then put in bag for anesthesia.
Rats were given tagging (Labelling) with number of specimens that will provide
information in which location, altitude, date, month, year, gender, and age. The
morphology of the rats was measured using a digital caliper with a level of
accuracy of 0.001 mm. The next sample is preserved in formalin rats 10% to be
identified.

(a)

(b)
Figure 2. (a) Live trap, (b) Snap trap

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Table 2. Distribution of traps per habitat
Habitat
Mixed Agricultured
Agroforestry
Pine Forest
Secondary Forest
Primary Forest
Total

Total Night
Sampling
17
13
4
3
5
42

Total
Trap
2000
1300
800
600
1000
5700

Specimens Identification
Rats were identified in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB),
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bogor. Morphology measurement was
done with many variable, they are body weight (BW), head and body length
(HBL), tail length (T), hind foot length (HF), claw in middle finger length (C),
ear length (E) (Figure 3). The identification was done with identifying key by
Nagorsen (2002) and Suyanto (2002). Furthermore, comparison of the skull
between the samples with the rats sample in MZB, skull observed including; 1.
Skull Greatest Length (GSL), 2. braincase Width (BW), 3. zygomatic Breadth
(ZB), 4. Meso pterygoid Width (MPW), 5. Bulla Tymphani Length (BL), 6.
incisive foramina Breadth (IFB), 7. Ramus Angular Process (RAP), 8. Molar
Molar 1 to 3 (M1M3), 9. Molar 1Width (M1W), Molar 2 Width (M2W), and
Molar 3 Width (M3W), 10. Nasal Length (NL ), and 11. Height of braincase (HB)
(Figure 4).

Figure 3. Morphology of rat

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Figure 4. Rat morphology skull
Reproduction Status
Male and female can be distinguished by observing the external
reproductive organs including the penis in male, vagina and mammary gland in
female rats. Pregnancy in female can be indentified by full and protruding
abdomen. Observations of reproductive condition in females were conducted by
dissecting the abdomen and calculating embryos from the uterus to the left and
right side. While, the male reproductive were observed by enlarged testes.
Number of Rats in Relation of Moon Phases
Number of individu were correlated to the moon phasesby calculatingthe
effort(number of individuals /night/traps) and each phases with Principle
Component Analisys.
Data Analysis
Estimation on species were analyzed by Estimates S 8 to discuss
differences between number of collected and expected species (Colwell and
Gotelli 2000). Shannon-Wiener’s and Evenness index (Magurran 2004), were
used to compare the diversity of rats in each habitat types. Reproduction status
and age categories were identified manually. Principle Component Analysis
(PCA) were categorized rats according to habitat preferences and its relation to
the moon phases using Paleontological Statisticsfor Windows (PAST).

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3 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
RESULTS
Species captured
A total of 227 individuals, four genera and 10 species were trapped in
5700 traps during 42 nights (Appendix 3). The overall trapping success as
follows: Rh= Rattus hoffmani (Matschie 1901), Rd= R. Dommermani (Thomas
1921), Re= R. Exulans (Peale 1848), Ba= Bunomys andrewsi (Allen 1911), Bc=
B. chrysocomus (Hoffmann 1887), Bh= B. Heinrichi (Tate and Archbold 1935),
Tc= Taeromys celebensis (Gray 1867), Th= T. hamatus (Miller and Hollister
1921), Pd= P. dominator (Thomas 1921), and Psp= Paruromys sp. (undescribed)
(figure shown appendix 2).
Table 3. Total effort of rat species in various habitat types

MA

Altitude
(m asl)
1300

Habitat

Rh*

Rd*

Re

Ba*

Bc*

Bh*

Tc*

Th*

Pd*

Psp*

5.5

12.5

24.5

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

AF

1500

10.0

3.1

27.7

3.1

0.8

2.3

2.3

1.5

0.0

0.0

PiF

1700

3.8

0.0

20.0

0.0

3.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

SF

1900

18.3

1.7

6.7

3.3

3.3

3.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2200
13.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
PF
Description: Habitat abbreviation refer to figure 1.

4.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

1.0

1.0

R. hoffmani found in all habitat types those are mixed agricultured,
agroforestry, pine forest, secondary forest, primary forest. The highest individual
number were found in the secondary forest and primary forest. While, R.
dammermani were found in four habitat types and the highest number were found
in mixed. R. exulans found in all habitat type and the highest number were found
in agroforestry and Mixed Agricultured.
B. andrewsi were found in four habitat types, including mixed
agricultured, agroforestry, secondary forest, primary forest.The highest in dividual
number found in secondary forest. B. chrysocomus were found in four habitat
types and the highest individual number were found in the primary forest (2200 m
asl). B. Heinrici were found in three habitat types, they are agroforestry,
secondary forest, and primary forest, and the highest individual number were
found in secondary forest. Individual number commonly found near the river
flow. The lowest individual number were found in agroforestry and primary forest
namely T. Celebensis, T. hamatus, futhermore P. dominator and Paruromys sp.
Estimation of total rats individuals number could be counted based on
number of individuals captured during 42 nights. Total number of species exist in
Bawakaraeng mountain was estimated by Colwell and Gotelli (2000) method.
Figure 5 shows the value of rat species estimation. Estimation of rats species
number during 42 nights were 11 species. Sobs (Mao Tau) is the total number of
species that was captured in this study. Jack 2 mean value is the second order
jacknife richness estimator of species number. Sampling effort in this study were

7
reach maximal, because only one species were estimated not captured yet, the rats
were captured included 10 species.

Figure 5. Estimation curve number of rats individuals, sobs (Mao Tau) is sample
observed, Jack 2 Mean is species estimation number.
Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed the high and low index values in
five different habitats. PF were showed the highest values (H '= 1.805) and PF
were the lowest (H' = 0.775). Evenness values were highest in the PF (E = 0.77)
and the lowest value in the AF (E = 0.6511), but the evenness value of five habitat
types was not significantly difference (E = 0.43 – 0.77).
Table 4. Comparison of diversity and evenness index based on habitat type and
altitude (m above sea level) (N = number of species captured, Sum =
total collected).

S
N
Evenness
ShannonWeiner

MA
(1300-1499)
4
86
0.5806
1.002

AF
(1500-1699)
8
66
0.6511
1.441

PiF
(1700-1899)
3
22
0.4339
0.775

SF
(1900-2099)
6
22
0.6901
1.451

PF
(2200)
9
31
0.77
1.805

Reproduction Status
The number of rats capture by sex were 114 male (50.22%) and 113
female (49.77%). It has been recorded that 30 individual females who are
pregnant and 83 non-pregnant individuals, calculated based on the number of
embryos individuals who have been pregnant, Rattus hoffmani consists of 9
individuals and has a total of 40 embryos (17 left, 23 right). Rattus dammermani
consists of 6 individuals and has a total of 19 embryos (10 left, 9 right), Rattus
exulans consists of 12 individuals and has a total of 38 embryos (17 left, 21 right),
Bunomys andrewsi consists of two individuals with a total of 6 embryos (2 left, 4
right), Bunomys chrysocomus consists of two individuals with a total of 4
embryos (2 left, 2 right). In addition, male rats that had a reproduction period are
47 individuals with has a Outside testes and 67 individuals with has inside testes.

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Habitat Preferences
Principle Component Analysis (PCA) showed variation in three factors,
total varians 75.23%. First component showed 50.38%, and second component
24.85% (Figure 6). Analysis results suggested some species were clumped into
certain habitat. R. dammermani and R. exulans were greatly related to
Agroforestry (1500 m asl). Dominantion of these species populations would be
greater in habitat which more than 1500 m asl altitude. R. dammermani prefer to
the mixed agricultured (1300-1500 m asl). In contrast, R. exulans prefer to scrub
and secondary forest. R. hoffmani has opposite dominantion pattern with R.
exulans. The dominantion would be greater if population in Montane, Sub
Montane and higher altitute habitat were changed into secondary forest. Whereas,
dominantion would be lower if species occured in less than 1500 m asl.
B. andrewsi and B. Hainrichi were sympatrical in Montane forest (> 1800
m asl), especially in secondary forest. While B. Chysocomus has greater habitat
preferences than B. andrewsi and B. heinrichi, from agroforestry (1500 m asl),
pine forest (1700 m asl), and primary forest (2200 m asl). Both T. hamatus and T.
chrysocomus were prefer Montane forest in lower altitude (> 1500 m asl). T.
celebensis were still found in primary forest (2200 m asl). P.dominator and
Paruromys sp. were mostly sympatrical and mostly found in 2200 m asl altitude.

Figure 6. Principle Component Analysis ( PC1,PC2, and PC3 )

9
Table 5. Total variance and value principle component analysis

Eigenvalue
% variance
Habitat
MA
AF
PiF
SF
PF

PC1
6.5494
50.38
Axis 1
-2.5107
0.71764
-2.7783
1.5075
3.0639

PC2
3.23044
24.85
Axis 2
0.14481
2.9907
-1.235
-0.3913
-1.5092

PC3
1.89559
14.581
Axis 3
1.3167
0.03132
-0.7665
-1.8862
1.3047

PC4
1.32458
10.189
Axis 4
-1.3205
0.68284
1.2812
-1.1091
0.46553

Number of Rats in Relation of Moon Phases
A total of 24 nights sampling based on moon phases and 5700 traps, effort
of each species were showed in (Table 6). Moon phases divided into five phases
including, A = New Moon, B = Waning Crescent, C = First Quarter, D = Waning
Gibbous, and E = Full Moon.
Table 6. Total effort of rats speciesin moon phases
Moon
Phases

Rh

Rd

Re

Ba

Bc

Bh

Tc

Th

Pd

Psp

A

9.09

B

8.57

2.73

41.82

2.73

0.91

0.91

0.91

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.43

16.19

0.48

1.90

0.95

0.00

0.48

0.00

0.00

C

5.00

2.50

20.00

2.50

0.00

0.00

5.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

D

13.08

16.92

7.69

1.54

2.31

2.31

0.77

0.00

0.77

0.00

E
5.00
6.25
12.50
2.50
2.50
1.25
0.00
1.25
0.00
1.25
Description: : A= New Moon, B= Waxing Crescent, C= First quarter, D= Waning gibbous, E=
Full moon (Spesies abreviation refer to Table 1)

PCA showed number of rats trapped were related to moon phases.
Variation can be explained using three factors in 98.59% total. First component
showed 80.14%, second component 16.82% and third component 1.63% of total
varians. Some species were clumped in certain moon phases. R. dammermani and
R. hoffmani has a great related to waning gibbous. Dominantions of R.
dammermani and R. hoffmani would be lower in waxing crescent and full moon
and first quarter, respectively. In contrast, R. exulans were mostly found in new
moon and have a great number in first quarter. Then, decreased in waning
gibbous.
B. andrewsi were related to new moon, while B. chrysocomus and B.
heinrichi are mostly found in wanning gibous. Dominantion of B. chrysocomus
were increased until full moon. T. celebensis were related to new moon, inspite of
dominantion of this species were mostly found in first quarter. Futhermore, T.
hamatus, P. dominator, and Paruromys sp. were sympatrical in full moon. Two
moon phases has an important role in number of rats, those are new moon and full
moon. Number of rat individual were greater in new moon, whereas the number of
rat species were greater in full moon.

10

Figure 7. Principle component analysis of individual rats number in relation to
moon phase. (Abbreviations of moon phase refer to Table 6).

DISCUSSIONS
Species Captured
Two components of diversity index were used in this study those are
Shannon-Weiner and evenness. Both index were not always showed the same
trend in diversity. The number of rat individual were not proportional to the
number of rats species. Peet (1974) noted that the Shannon-Weiner index is very
sensitive to changes species abundance. The highest number of rat species were
found in the primary forest (2200 m asl), about 9 species were found. It suspected
because natural environmental conditions. While, the lowest species number were
found in the pine forest (1700 m asl) that were found only three species and
suspected because shrubs and food availability were decreased. Maryanto and
Yani (2003) reported that rat species in Lore Lindu National Park in total 20
species were captured, of which 18 species endemic to Sulawesi, diversity index

11
showed a stable value at in altitude range 900 to1199 (m asl) in total 14 species
and decrease with altitude 2100 m asl in total 8 species in Lore Lindu National
Park, Central Sulawesi.
Very low capture rate caused trouble to document patterns of association
in the mountain Bawakaraeng. The success of the overall traps around 3.9%, with
an average installation of 200 traps per night (a total of 5700 trap). The capture
rate is comparable with the figures reported by Maryanto and Yani (2003) of the
Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi where the successful arrest of about
1%, with an average of 104 traps were installed on every night. The success rate
of this arrest does not seem so low when compared with other tropical Asian
studies. Medway (1972) reported on Mount Benom, West Malaysia, at an altitude
of 300-2400 m asl wear 50 per night trap used to catch any small mammals (Total
5777 trap). Heaney et al. (1989) reported on Leyte Island, Philippines, at 300-900
m above sea level, using 30 traps per night (Total 3485 trap).
Estimaton of rats is calculated in order to determine the number of species
that have not been obtained and compared with that obtained during the study
species. Some factors that suspected causing other rats species were not captured
including time sampling, trap efficiency. It is possibility to get 11 species of rats if
adding sampling duration. Beside that, the highest number rats individuals
captured were in snap trap than cage trap. Leal (1990) reported that snap trap that
used to trapped small mammals more effective than cage trap.
Habitat Preferences
Rats are very active animals and can be found in various types of habitats.
Rats were intimately associated with foraging patterns and environmental factors.
In this study, we found two genera that were adaptive to the altered habitat,
including Rattus and Bunomys. It because of both genera found at lowest to
highest altitude. Some species Taeromys and Paruromys were also found in
certain area. Rattus are usually found in various habitat types, including in
disturbed or agricultural area. In Philippines, Rattus were found in all altitude at
different habitat such as agricultural, tropical and sub-tropical forest, pine forest,
also villages (Barbehenn et al. 1973).
Bunomys commonly found in primary forest and also be found in the little
altered habitat. These genera mostly found at the river side, which the frogs, small
lizards and earthworms as the diets (Musser and Carleton 2005). On the study of
Sulawesi, Musser (1991) showed the widespread and common species of rats
were R. hoffmani. These species were also distributed in all habibat types of
Bawakaraeng mountain. In addition, these species abundant in 1900 to 2200 m
asl. In the Lore Lindu National Park, Bunomys penitus, Paruromys dominator,
Margaretamys elegans, Maxomys wattsi and Melasmothrix naso found in 600 to
1800 m asl (Musser and Dagosto 1987). Genus Taeromys found in Sulawesi at
1.200 m asl, and can be found in the lowland tropical rain forest (Musser and
Carleton 2005). P. dominator, were endemic to Sulawesi, this species is only
found in the tropical mountain, never found in the lowlands (Musser and Carleton
2005).

12
Number of Rats in Relation of Moon Phases
Rats make foraging decisions by balancing the demands for energy gain,
mating and other needs, to identify variations in the risk of predators, nocturnal
rodents can use the moon as alight cue (Nathan et al. 2013). Animals are active at
night (nocturnal) have behaviours and activities related to changing light
conditions, the light of the moon cycle (Lang et al. 2005). Categorized into five
cycles of the moon phases is waning crescant, new moon, first quarter, Waning
Gibbous, and full moon (Lang et al. 2005).

4 CONCLUSIONS
A total of 227 individual rats (Muridae) were captured in five altitude and
different habitat types in Bawakaraeng Mountain, South Sulawesi used cage traps
and snap trap. habitat types diversity of rats in the mountains above higher than
Mixed Agricultured, agroforestry, pine forest and secondary forest. Shannon
Wiener diversity decreased weredepended to species richness at sites. The number
of rats captured by sex were 114 male rats (50.22%) and 113 female rats
(49.77%). Habitat preferences indicate that most species prefer toprimary forests
and agroforestry. The relationship between rats behaviour and moon phases
showed that the behavior rats out of the nest was higher in the new moon phases
than full moon phases.

REFERENCES
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The Mammals of The Australasian Archipelago. p 668.
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Barbehenn KR, Sumangil JP, Libay JL. 1973. Rodents of the Philippine
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Corbet GB, Hill JE. 1992. The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region. A
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Colwell RK, Gotelli JN. 2000. Estimates-statistical estimation of species richness
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Davies G. 2002. African Forest Biodiversity: A Field Survey Manual for
Vertebrates. Earthwatch Institute. Oxford. Pages 161. In: Yihune M, Bekele
A. 2012. Diversity, distribution and abundance of rodent community in the
Afro-alpine habitats of the simian Mountains National Park, Ethiopia.
International Journal of Zoological Research. 8:137-149.
Gray JE. 1867. Rattus celebensis. In: Strien NJ. 1986. Annotated Checklist of The
Mammals of The Australasian Archipelago. p 1182.
Heaney LR., Heideman PD, Rickart EA, Utzurrum RB, Klompen JSH. 1989.
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Tropical Zoology. 5: 259–280.

13
Heaney LR, Walsh JS, Peterson T. 2005. The roles of geological history and
colonization abilities in genetic differentiation between mammalian
populations in the Philippine archipelago. Journal of Biogeography. 32:
229-247.
Hasnawir, Omura H, Kubota T. 2006. Landslide disaster at Mt. Bawakaraeng
Caldera. South Sulawesi. Indonesia. Kyushu Journal of Forest Research. 59:
269-272.
Hoffmann B. 1887. Rattus chrysocomus. In: Strien NJ. 1986. Annotated Checklist
of The Mammals of The Australasian Archipelago. p 674.
Johnson MD, Horn CM. 2008. Effects of rotational grazing on rodents and raptors
in a coalstal Grassland. Western North American Naturalist. 68: 444-452.
Lang A, Elizabeth K, Kalko V, Romer H. 2005. Activity levels of bats and
katydids in relation to the lunar cycle. Behavioral Ecologicy. Oecologia.
Leal CG. 1990. Live-Trapping vs. snap trapping of deer mice: a comparison of
methods. Acta Theriologica. 35:357-363.
Magurran AE. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Malden: Blackwell
Publishing.
Matschie P. 1901. Celebensis Hoffmann. In: Strien NJ. 1986. Annotated Checklist
of The Mammals of The Australasian Archipelago. p 1009.
Maryanto I, Yani M. 2003. Rodents and other small mammal diversity in Lore
Lindu National Park, central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Rats, rat and people:
rodent biology and management. ACIAR Monograph. 564: 518-525.
Medway, Lord. 1972. The Gunung Benom Expedition 1967. 6. The distribution
and altitudinal zonation of birds and mammals on Gunung Benom. Bulletin
of the British Museum (Natural History). 23: 103–154
Miller GS, Hollister N. 1921. One other specimen paratype examined. In: Strien
NJ. 1986. Annotated Checklist of The Mammals of The Australasian
Archipelago. p 1183.
Musser GG. 1991. Sulawesi Rodents: Descriptions of new species of Bunomys
and Maxomys (Muridae, Murinae). American Museum Novitates. 3001: 141.
Musser GG, Carleton MD. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. In: Wilson DE, Reeder
DM (eds), Mammal Species Of The World: A Taxonomic And Geographic
Reference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p 894–1531
Musser GG, Dagosto M. 1987. The identity of Tarsiuspumilus, a pigmy species
endemic to montane mossy forestof Central Sulawesi. American Museum
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Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000.
Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 403: 853–858.
Nathan S, Uphamand JC, Hafner. 2013. Do nocturnal rodents in the Great Basin
Desert avoid moonlight. American Society of Mammalogists. Journal of
Mammalogy. 94:59–72.
Peale TR. 1848. Rattus exulans. In: Strien NJ. 1986. Annotated Checklist of The
Mammals of The Australasian Archipelago. p 976.
Peet RK. 1974. The measurement of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology
and Systematics. 285–307.
Rosenzweig ML, Winakur J. 1969. Population ecology of desert rodent
communities: habitats and environmental complexity. Ecology.

14
Suyanto A, Yoneda M, Maryanto I, Maharadatunkamsi, Sugardjito J. 2002.
Checklist of The Mammals of Indonesia. LIPI-JICA-PHKA Joint Project for
Biodiversity Conservation in Bogor. Indonesia.
Suyanto A, Yoneda K, Maryanto I, Maharadatunkamsi, Sugarjito J. 1998.
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conservation. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia–Japan International
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Strien NJ. 1986. Annotated Checklist of The Mammals of The Australasian
Archipelago. p 681.
Thomas O. 1921. A large harsh-furred rat of the Rattus neglectus group. In: Strien
NJ. 1986. Annotated Checklist of The Mammals of The Australasian
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Park, Ethiopia. International Journal of Zoological Research. 8: 137-149.

15
APPENDIXES 1
1. Habitat types of rats in Bawakaraeng mountain

Mixed Agricultured (1300-1499 m asl)

Agroforestry (1500-1699 m asl)

16

Pine Forest (1700-1899 m asl)

Secondary Forest (1900-2099 m asl)

17

Primary Forest (>2200 m asl)

18
APPENDIXES 2
2. Morphology and Skull of captured rats in Bawakaraeng Mountain

Rattus hoffmani

Rattus exulans

Rattus dammermani

19

Bunomys andrewsi

Bunomys chrysocomus

Bunomys heinrichi

20

Taeromys celebensis

Taeromys hamatus

Paruromys dominator

21
APPENDIXES 3
3. Number of species an individuals per habitat
Lokasi
Jumlah Malam
Jumlah Perangkap
Rattus hoffmani
Rattus dommermani
Rattus exulans
Bunomys andrewsi
Bunomys chrysocomus
Bunomys heinrichi
Taeromys celebensis
Taeromys hamatus
Paruromys dominator
Paruromys sp
Total Individu

MA

AF

PiF

SF

PF

Total

17
2000
11
25
49
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
86

13
1300
13
4
36
4
1
3
3
2
0
0
66

4
800
3
0
16
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
22

3
600
11
1
4
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
22

5
1000
13
4
3
2
4
2
1
0
1
1
31

42
5700
51
34
108
9
10
7
4
2
1
1
227

22
APPENDIXES 4
4. Total value axis principle component analysis
Parameter Axis 1
S
0.3591
E
0.3613
SW
0.383
Rh
0.3282
Rd
-0.1129
Re
-0.2715
Ba
0.3088
Bc
0.1498
Bh
0.3315
Tc
0.1775
Th
0.06125
Pd
0.2615
Psp
0.2615

Axis 2
0.1478
0.03907
0.04117
-0.0102
0.06991
0.3854
0.2611
-0.4034
0.1354
0.4098
0.5175
-0.2612
-0.2612

Axis 3
0.1884
0.1619
0.1248
-0.2916
0.5051
0.1093
-0.2527
-0.278
-0.3182
0.1791
0.00924
0.3848
0.3848

Axis 4
0.1155
-0.2616
-0.0561
-0.317
-0.5611
0.106
-0.1609
0.3696
-0.1489
0.379
0.2882
0.1965
0.1965

23
APPENDIXES 5
3. Rat specimens catalogue in LIPI Cibinong

Origin

Sex

Age

Specimen
Number of
catalogue LIPI

Rattus hoffmani

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37042

MR2

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37093

25/09/2013

MR3

Rattus dommermani

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37210

25/09/2013

MR4

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37094

25/09/2013

MR5

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37095

25/09/2013

MR6

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37096

25/09/2013

MR7

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37097

25/09/2013

MR8

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37098

25/09/2013

MR9

Rattus hoffmani

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37043

26/09/2013

MR10

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37099

26/09/2013

MR11

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37100

26/09/2013

MR12

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37101

26/09/2013

MR13

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37102

26/09/2013

MR14

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37103

26/09/2013

MR15

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37104

26/09/2013

MR16

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37105

26/09/2013

MR17

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37106

26/09/2013

MR18

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37107

26/09/2013

MR19

Rattus hoffmani

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37044

27/09/2013

MR20

Bunomys andrewsi

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37235

27/09/2013

MR21

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37108

27/09/2013

MR22

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37109

27/09/2013

MR23

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37110

27/09/2013

MR24

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37111

27/09/2013

MR25

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37112

27/09/2013

MR26

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37113

27/09/2013

MR27

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37114

27/09/2013

MR28

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37115

27/09/2013

MR29

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Adult

37116

27/09/2013

MR30

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Adult

37117

27/09/2013

MR31

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Female

Juvenile

37118

27/09/2013

MR32

Rattus exulans

Mixed Agricultured

Male

Juvenile

37119

29/09/2013

MR33

Rattus hoffmani

Pine Forest

Female

Adult

37045

29/09/2013

MR34

Bunomys chrysocomus

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37404

Dates
Capture

No
Spesimen

23/09/2013

MR1

25/09/2013

Nama Specimen

24
29/09/2013

MR35

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37120

29/09/2013

MR36

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Female

Adult

37121

30/09/2013

MR37

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37122

30/09/2013

MR38

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37123

30/09/2013

MR39

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Subadult

37124

01/10/2013

MR40

Rattus hoffmani

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37046

01/10/2013

MR41

Bunomys chrysocomus

Pine Forest

Female

Adult

37405

01/10/2013

MR42

Rattus hoffmani

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37047

01/10/2013

MR43

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Female

Adult

37125

01/10/2013

MR44

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37126

01/10/2013

MR45

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37127

01/10/2013

MR46

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37128

01/10/2013

MR47

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37129

01/10/2013

MR48

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Female

Adult

37130

01/10/2013

MR49

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Female

Adult

37131

01/10/2013

MR50

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37132

01/10/2013

MR51

Bunomys chrysocomus

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37406

05/10/2013

MR52

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37133

05/10/2013

MR53

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Male

Adult

37134

05/10/2013

MR66

Rattus exulans

Pine Forest

Female

Adult

37135

08/10/2013

MR54

Rattus dommermani

Secondary Forest

Male

Adult

37211

08/10/2013

MR55

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Male

Adult

37048

08/10/2013

MR56

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37049

08/10/2013

MR57

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37050

08/10/2013

MR58

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37051

08/10/2013

MR59

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Male

Adult

37052

08/10/2013

MR60

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37053

08/10/2013

MR61

Bunomys andrewsi

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37236

08/10/2013

MR62

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Male

Adult

37054

08/10/2013

MR63

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37055

08/10/2013

MR64

Rattus exulans

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37136

08/10/2013

MR65

Rattus exulans

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37137

09/10/2013

MR67

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Male

Adult

37056

09/10/2013

MR68

Bunomys chrysocomus

Secondary Forest

Male

Adult

37407

09/10/2013

MR69

Rattus exulans

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37138

12/10/2013

MR70

Bunomys andrewsi

Secondary Forest

Male

Adult

37413

12/10/2013

MR71

Bunomys heinrichi

Secondary Forest

Male

Adult

37285

12/10/2013

MR72

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37057

12/10/2013

MR92

Rattus hoffmani

Secondary Forest

Female

Adult

37058

12/10/2013

MR93

Bunomys heinrichi

Secondary Forest

Female

Subadult

37290

12/10/2013

MR94

Bunomys chrysocomus

Secondary Forest

Male

Adult

37408

25
12/10/2013

MR95

Rattus exulans

Secondary Forest

Male

Juvenile

37139

13/10/2013

MR73

Rattus dommermani

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37212

13/10/2013

MR74

Taeromys celebensis

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37421

13/10/2013

MR75

Paruromys dominator

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37423

13/10/2013

MR76

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37059

13/10/2013

MR77

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37060

13/10/2013

MR78

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37061

13/10/2013

MR79

Bunomys heinrichi

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37291

13/10/2013

MR80

Rattus dommermani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37213

13/10/2013

MR81

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37062

13/10/2013

MR82

Rattus dommermani

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37214

13/10/2013

MR83

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37063

13/10/2013

MR84

Bunomys chrysocomus

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37409

13/10/2013

MR85

Rattus dommermani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37215

13/10/2013

MR86

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37064

14/10/2013

MR87

Rattus exulans

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37140

14/10/2013

MR88

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37065

14/10/2013

MR89

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37066

14/10/2013

MR90

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37067

14/10/2013

MR91

Bunomys chrysocomus

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37286

15/10/2013

MR96

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37068

15/10/2013

MR97

Paruromys sp

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37426

15/10/2013

MR99

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37069

15/10/2013

MR100

Bunomys andrewsi

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37414

15/10/2013

MR101

Rattus exulans

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37141

16/10/2013

MR102

Bunomys andrewsi

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37415

16/10/2013

MR103

Bunomys chrysocomus

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37410

16/10/2013

MR104

Bunomys heinrichi

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37287

16/10/2013

MR105

Bunomys chrysocomus

Primary Forest

Male

Adult

37411

16/10/2013

MR106

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37070

16/10/2013

MR107

Rattus exulans

Primary Forest

Female

Subadult

37142

17/10/2013

MR108

Rattus hoffmani

Primary Forest

Female

Adult

37071

01/11/2013

MR98

Bunomys heinrichi

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37419

01/11/2013

MR109

Suncus murinus

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37427

01/11/2013

MR110

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37143

01/11/2013

MR111

Suncus murinus

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37428

01/11/2013

MR112

Rattus hoffmani

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37072

01/11/2013

MR113

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37144

01/11/2013

MR114

Bunomys heinrichi

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37289

02/11/2013

MR115

Suncus murinus

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37429

02/11/2013

MR116

Suncus murinus

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37430

26
02/11/2013

MR117

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37145

04/11/2013

MR118

Taeromys celebensis

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37292

04/11/2013

MR119

Bunomys heinrichi

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37420

04/11/2013

MR120

Rattus dommermani

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37216

04/11/2013

MR121

Rattus hoffmani

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37073

04/11/2013

MR122

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37146

04/11/2013

MR123

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37147

04/11/2013

MR124

Suncus murinus

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37431

04/11/2013

MR125

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37148

04/11/2013

MR126

Suncus murinus

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37432

04/11/2013

MR127

Suncus murinus

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37433

04/11/2013

MR128

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37149

04/11/2013

MR129

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37150

04/11/2013

MR130

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37151

04/11/2013

MR131

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37152

04/11/2013

MR132

Suncus murinus

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37434

05/11/2013

MR133

Rattus hoffmani

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37074

05/11/2013

MR134

bunomys andrewsi

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37288

05/11/2013

MR135

Rattus hoffmani

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37075

05/11/2013

MR136

Bunomys chrysocomus

Agroforestry

Male

Adult

37412

05/11/2013

MR137

Rattus exulans

Agroforestry

Female

Adult

37153

05/11/2013

MR138

Rattus hoffmani

Mixed A