Introduction CRITICISM AGAINST HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN C. HOPE FLINCHBAUGH’S NOVEL Criticism Against Human Rights Violations In C. Hope Flinchbaugh’s Novel Daughter Of China (2002).

I. Introduction

People’s Republic of China had been a rem arkable count ry dealt w it h human right s problem s. Som e event s becam e t he evidence of t he humanit y crisis exist ed t here. Tiananmen Square bloody t ragedy became the w orld at t ention since t he Chinese people dem onst rat ion w as at t acked brutally by the t roops since t heir claim of dem ocracy in China Shat tuck, 2003:22. Those w ho w as caught to act relat ed t o t heir polit ical view w as im prisoned and som e of t hem w ere execut ed Fukuyama cit ed by Shat tuck 2003: 222. The expose t o t he humanit y crisis t o Tibet an had got serious at t ent ion from Unit ed St at es Zhou 2005: 110. Daught er of China was a novel w rit t en by C. Hope Flinchbaugh about the st ruggle of a young girl, Kwan M ei Lin w ho w as in dilem mat ic and daring position t o defend her fait h or her fat e as a m inorit y group in a Communist st at e, People’ s Republic of China. Although t he exposes t o human right s violat ion w as delivered t o China, this count ry seem ed t o have t he lack at t ent ion about som e foreign crit ics. China’s react ion to overcom e t his sit uation w as affect ed t o t heir relat ionship tow ard Unit ed St at es and it had made Washington t o have t he m ore underlined problems about hum an right s problem in China W an: 2001: 8. The humanit y crisis in China had been exposed in som e art icles and sources. Drinan 1994 in his art icle ent it led Hum an Right s and the Future China had out lined his special at t ent ion t o human right s problem in China which cam e into a bog quest ions since t he Tiananmen Square t ragedy. Human right s problem s w hich w ere more exposed in China include religious freedom and Tibet an’s and som e et hnics persecut ions. Xing 1997 in an art icle Dem ocracy and Human Right s: China and the West , had explained that aft er t he World W ar I and II then continued by t he ending of Cold War, USA st ill had the high passion in t he cam paign of hum an right s and dem ocracy t o t he w orld. It also became an effect ive w eapon t o introduce t he capit alist economy syst em because at t he sam e t ime t he progress of China econom y sect or also became a serious case fo r Unit ed St at es. Gyat so 1999 in his art icle China and Human Right s: The St ruggle for Freedom had exposed t he Chinese governm ent lack at t ent ion to the racial and discrimination problem s t o Tibet an. The next issue w as out lined by Qi Zhou 2005 in an art icle ent it led Human Right s bet w een China and US. He assert ed t hat the relationship bet w een China and US w as in a t ension because of t he int ent ion from US government t o do int ervent ion t ow ards China domest ic problems. In the other side, t here w as an opport unit y from US tow ard t he left ist and some count ries w ith t he different view t o have human right s abuse problems. The last reference w as w rit t en by W endy M cElroy 2008 in an art icle ent it led China’s One Child Disast er. He had out lined t hat the int ention of Chinese governm ent t o cont rol the population bomb had creat ed som e crit ics from count ries in t he w orld since t here w as an indicat ion that it had been cont ra t o t he human right s concept . Sociology and lit erat ure had creat ed a synergy in t he production of a lit erary w ork, w hich in this case in a novel Swingew ood,1972: 11 had defined sociology as essent ially the scient ific, object ive st udy of man in societ y, t he st udy of social inst it ut ions and of social processes. An aut hor as a member of societ y had been a major component who connect s t he lit erary w ork and societ y or vice versa Wellek and W arren, 1972: 18. The social background and experience of t he author can influence t he cont ent of the st ory. A lit erary w ork can be an effect ive media for the w rit er t o express her special purposes. Sw ingewood 1972: 17 em phasized that lit erat ure had reflect ed som eone’ s anxiet ies, hopes, and aspirat ions and response t o social problems. Universal Declarat ion of Hum an Right s had been released by Unit ed Nat ion in French on Decem ber, 10 th 1948 aft er t he draft w as finished by the Hum an Right s Comm ission chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt . Human right s as a lifet im e right s owned by hum an because as his or her nature as human Cranst on as cit ed by Yuliarso and Prajart o, 1005: 293. In advanced t his document consist of civil right s and politic then it ratified into political and cultural right s Berghian, 2014: 404. Then, it w as developed into almost thirt y com ponent s in Universal Declarat ion art icles. The violation relat ed to human right would be overcom e by t he set of law . Non-Governm ent Organization NGO, Amnest y Int ernat ional, Int ernational Court of Human Right s, and Securit y Council occurred t o guarant ee t he prot ect ion of individual right s. Regarding t he aut hor’s role in the production of t he novel, t he social background of t he author plays im port ant part . C. Hope Flinchbaugh is t he author of Daught er of China novel. Her social background as a writ er w ho has t he more int erest and att ent ion to t he problems relat ed t o religion, st at e, children, and hum an right s had influenced Daught er of China. The Evangelical m ission w as em erged as t he ot her finding aft er t he problem s of hum an right s violation. An evangelical is a person w ho spread out the Christ ian belief. Evangelical is anyone w ho has a fully belief and recognit ion of t he exist ence of t he Bible as t he God’s revelat ion by having t he deep underst anding t o be shared t hrough evangelism Balmer, 2004: 236. Then the t erm of evangelism is relat ed t o the action relat ed t o the spreading out of t he Christ ian glory. Evangelism includes t he sharing of com mit m ent t o cert ain essent ial t heological t rut hs and their pract ical implicat ions M it chel, 2003: 107. The exist ence of evangelical and t he rising of Christ ian right became t he special not ion in Unit ed St ates at t he close of the t w entiet h century. President George W. Bush’s religiosit y is param ount since her leadership as t he Governor of Texas. Under his leadership, the Texans becam e more religious Philips, 2004:221. His w inning on Unit ed St at es general elect ion could not be alienat ed from the backing of some religious groups especially evangelicals.

II. Research M ethodology