new point of view does not change the basic tenets of Scots theory but enriching it.
3.4. Memoria Passionis
The concept of memoria passionis was proposed by German theologian, Johannes Baptist Metz.
54
There are two types of memory: static memory which is only the recall of the past without any action and dynamic memory which the
recall of the past springs to the present and the future. Memoria passionis is a dynamic memory. It is a collective memory of sufferings in the past ready to
explode in the present or near future. Metz theorized memoria passionist to be manifested in a political consciousness and political action in the memory of
peoples suffering. They are inscribed through social memory and flows incisively and clearly from the mouths of ordinary people. It is through this sense that the
writer assumes Bob Marley and The Black Brothers songs function.
4. Theoretical Framework
Under the scene of popular music atmosphere, the mass production and commercialization make music impact people more on the physical and emotional
levels. This in turn will lead them to use music merely as pleasure and leisure. The works of Bob Marley and The Black Brothers, however go beyond music being a
means of entertainment. Their works, this thesis shall argue, are the embodiment of musical creativity and resistance. In order to understand it that way, one needs
54
Glazebrook, Diana. Permissive Residents West Papuan Refugees Living in Papua New Guinea, p. 27.
to focus more on the cognitive level. This only can be done if a person can reflect and intellectualize music through cognitive poetic analysis. Stockwells cognitive
poetics offers a good way to analyze the work of Bob Marley and The Black Brothers, how to understand, reflect, and intellectualize their music through a
thorough reading of text and context. Cognitive poetic analysis basically encompasses three main focuses in
literary study, reader, text, and context which cover the intrinsic and extrinsic approaches. The intrinsic approaches including point of view, style, imagery or
metaphoric expression. While the extrinsic approaches including biography, economy, politic, society, history, and psychology.
Like poetry and prose, the language in songs lyrics tend to happen in second semiotical order where metaphoric expression loom large. Therefore
Lakoffs concept of metaphoric analysis plays an important role in this study. It is an important tool to analyze the language used in Bob Marley and The Black
Brothers lyrics which make a significant use of metaphor and personification. Scotts postulation of the hidden transcript posits literary elements
metaphor, euphemism, anonymity, linguistic tricks which can be investigated using Stockwells cognitive poetics and Lackoffs metaphoric analysis. Those
elements in hidden transcript are the bullets or the style and rhetoric of the subordinate groups in firing the ruling power. Bob Marley and The Black
Brothers lyric would employ some of these elements. The resistance in Bob Marley and The Black Brothers protest songs can
be seen as a culmination of a long term sufferings. They are the voice and the wailing of the sufferers as what Metz would theorize in his memoria passionis.
The folks stories manifested into songs that have power of redemption. Generally in research, the problem determines the method. This present
study is a deductive project that moves from general issue of socio-politics and popular music to the specific relationship between hegemonic and oppressive
power and song lyrics. It is a qualitative oriented study which focuses on constructing meaning through descriptive and interpretative analysis.
In doing the descriptive and interpretative analysis, there are some stages of procedures taken. First, the writer takes all songs by Bob Marley under Island
Records and The Black Brothers under PT. Irama Tara Records to study the general patterns, forms, and themes. The selection of songs under the two labels is
very reasonable and purposively. Both of them were major labels in their time and place that embodied the establishment and success. It is also to see the
commitment in the content of their music and lyrics as they entered into the main stream of popular music scene. Music production plays an important role in the
direction of final musical product. Second, the writer purposively takes songs which are assumed to have hidden transcript when read or analyzed based on the
characteristic or elements that they posses metaphor, euphemism, anonymity, linguistic tricks. This concept would be very much in line to the spirit of
resistance by Bob Marley and The Black Brothers. This study intends to figure out the wit and genius of both Bob Marley and The Black Brothers by uncovering
their intended message behind their poetical and rhetorical lyrics. Third, all the data are interpreted, including the translation of some lyrics from Indonesian into
English by the writer. Mostly the translation version is a free verse for the sake of interpretation and not meant to be performed. And the last is to draw a conclusion
of the analysis. The writer also uses library research as well as online interviews through
Facebook with members and relatives of The Black Brothers. The analysis of the data relies on the materials which strengthen and support the hypothesis of
discussion. Most of the data are taken from private and public library be it e-book or printed book.
CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW INTO THE REALM OF BOB MARLEY AND THE BLACK
BROTHERS’ CRAFTS - CONTENT ANALYSIS
Bob Marley and The Black Brothers are the embodiment of popular music and resistance. Popular in a simple way means appealing to the people. As an
adjective it indicates that something be it a person, a product, a practice, or a belief is commonly liked or approved of by a large audience or the general
public.
1
Furthermore it also has a strong relationship with mass media. The mass media refers to the press, publishing, radio, television, film, video, and recording
industry as a medium of production and dissemination. Therefore popular music is a type of music that is mostly exposed in the mass media and appeals to a large
audience besides being economically and commercially profitable. Popular music has always been a great mainstream in these area, among others are like jazz,
ragtime, blues, rhythm and blues RB, country, rock rock n roll and rockabilly, pub rock, punk rock, acid rock, heavy metal, bubblegum, and reggae.
2
Bob Marleys musical genre is reggae. He is even one of the main figures in the emerging of this distinctive Jamaican sound. Meanwhile, The Black Brothers
employ more than just one genre; they played jazz, slow pop, slow rock, punk rock, rock n roll, disco, keroncong, and even reggae.
Besides as an entertainment Bob Marley and The Black Brothers also use their music to communicate a politically-charged message about important social
issues. Their music contains some protest songs which are intended to criticize perceived problems in society like injustice, racial discrimination, war, social
1
Shuker, Roy. Understanding Popular Music. New York: Routledge, 1994, p. 2.
2
Ibid, p. 4.
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