rule India, placing them in the first level of the society. On the lower level, the Indians, as the subordinate level is placed in the second place of every subject
such as economy, politics, bureaucracy and education towards the English. This study contains an explanation of the relations that happened between
the English and the Indians in India during British colonial period, helping the readers who have an interest of India’s colonialism to observe India’s social
condition. It is discussing not only about the relations between the English and the Indians but also the perspective of each side, so that this study is a guide to learn
more about the social condition during British colonialism in India.
B. Problem Formulation
The writer analyzes the following questions: 1.
What are the perspectives of the English toward the Indians, and vice versa, during British colonialism in India seen in E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India?
2. What are the social contacts between the English and the Indians seen in E. M.
Forster’s A Passage to India?
C. Objectives of the Study
The aim of the study is to explore the perspectives of the English towards the Indians, and vice versa, and to analyze the social contacts between the English
and the Indians during British colonialism in India.
D. Benefits of the Study
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The writer hopes this paper can give some benefits for the readers. First, this paper gives benefit to the readers who are interested in literary works,
especially discussing sociohistorical issue. The writer hopes by reading this paper, the readers can learn the relations between the English and the Indians in India
during British colonialism. Second, this paper gives benefit to the readers who are interested in India’s
history. The writer hopes by reading this paper, the readers can gain knowledge of Indian history, especially during British colonialism.
Third, this paper gives benefit to the students or lecturers who deal their study with literature. The writer hopes by reading this paper the students and or
the lecturers can study and see Indian culture, including the social issues, and they can use it as a guide for their literature courses, such as Introduction to Literature,
Book Report, Prose II, and Extensive Reading II.
E. Definition of Terms
There are some words and phrases that the writer has to explain in this paper in order to avoid the reader’s misconception when reading this paper.
1. Perspective s
According to Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture 484 perspective is “the way in which a situation or problem is judged so that proper
consideration and importance is given to each part.” It means that one observes, thinks, and learns a problem then heshe takes reaction which is appropriate
towards the problem by solving, accepting, rejecting, complaining or ignoring the
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problem. This definition is supported by the statement of Encyclopedia of Philosophy, discussing about the theory of Perspective Realism. In this theory,
perspective means how someone judges something depends on hisher viewpoint or position. Every member of a group may see a same object in front of them, but
each of them will definitely have a different judgment against the object for they have their own viewpoint.
In this paper, perspective is the way the English react to the existence of the Indians around them, and vice versa, during British colonialism in India. Let us
say that every member of a group mentioned above is the English and the Indians that are put together in India’s land, and the object is the colonial situation that are
experienced by both sides. The perspective that arises from each of them the English and the Indians might be different because they have different point of
view. 2.
Social contact According to John Lewis Gillin and John Philip Gillin 491 in their book
“Cultural Sociology”, social contact has a sense of “to be in touch with”, not only in physical terms but also “effective sensory contact”. It means that one can still
aware of other’s condition location although they are not in the same location. Two or more parties can make a contact by using sensory organs such as eyes and
ears. They can smell, watch, listen, touch or feel, depending on the stimulus and their reactions. Also, they can use “the invention and use of cultural means of
extending the range of the senses- the telephone, telegraph, radio, postal service, and many other communication and transportation devices.”
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In this paper, the social contact means all contacts whether using sensory organs or communication devices that is structured between the English and the
Indians during British colonialism in India. 3.
The English According to Percival Spear 114 in his book “India, Pakistan, and the West”,
the English first came to India as traders after they followed the Dutch and were expelled from the East Indies, “… and owing to the Civil War and later conflicts
never obtain redress.” The English then replaced their spice trade into cotton trade, and moved their merchants to North and became “Moghul Government’s
naval auxiliaries”. In this paper, the English refers to people of England who rule or travel to
India during British colonialism. Some of them have positions in government office and or bureaucracies.
4. The Indians
Spear 39 divides people of India based on four factors. First, the racial factor contains three main racial types Dravidians, Caucasians, and Mongolians, who
nowadays have intermixed one to another along with the invaders. Second factor is the caste. The Brahmins induce the lower caste to be ashamed of their sins in
the previous lives, and the marriage only happens in the same occupation and race, making each race still keeps apart. The third is invasion factor.
From historic times there has been a series of such invasions and each has left its mark, whether in racial admixture as in Bengal, or in new caste groups as
in the North West, in new communities altogether as with the Muslims in general, or in new tribal units as with the Rohillas. 39
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The last is geographical factor. India has a hard surface in its most area which makes people have difficulties to travel faraway and thus, stay in groups.
In this paper, the Indians mean the native population of India from all races and castes, who live in the city of Chandrapore, during the colonial period in
which Britain ruled India. 5.
Colonialism According to Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman 2-3 in their book
“Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory”, colonialism, as the Marxists state as “…, the conquest and direct control of other people’s land, …”, is a part of
imperialism process. Colonialism is generally based on military power In this study, the colonialism happens between the English and the Indian. The
English conquered and controlled the Indian’s land. The colonialism is especially represented in the city of Chandrapore.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
