Review of Related Theories

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer discusses literature related to the paper. This chapter consists of Review of Related Theories, Review on the Historical Background, and Theoretical Framework. Review of Related Theories reviews the theories applied in conducting the study. This section reviews the theories and approach underlying the analysis. Review on the Historical Background describes the historical condition when the novel is created. It only describes a particular time, place, and condition which are related to the novel. Theoretical Framework explains the contribution of the theories in solving the problem; why they are needed and how they are applied in the study.

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Approach This analysis uses an approach based on Rohrberger and Woods 3-15. There are five kinds of critical approaches usually used in literary study. There are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. The formalist approach is an approach concentrated on the total integrity of the literary works. The involvement of each aesthetic part to the whole is seen as a harmony to the complete work. The technique and structure used in the story are reference to the understanding of the piece of work. 9 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI The biographical approach is used when we intend to judge literary works based on the important of acknowledging the author’s personal life for a deep understanding to his writing. The proponents of this approach believe that the works of literature has its source within the biography of its writer, and the biographical provision itself supplies useful information that could facilitate them to a better understanding and appreciation of the works. The sociocultural-historical approach examines a literary work by viewing the sociocultural condition and historical background when the work is created. The proponents of this approach assert the analysis of social, cultural, and historical background as reference to the further understanding of the story. The mythopoeic approach is used when a critic attempts to find particular recurrent patterns of human thought, which are considered sharing the same universal belief to certain community mind. The mystical relationship found in a story can be explained by the use of this approach. The psychological approach involves theories of psychology to explain the character’s personality in the story. The proponents of this approach insist that each character’s behavior can be referred to the psychology of human being. By the approach, the character’s thought and behavior can be traced more profoundly. 2. Theory of Social Contacts This theory is used to analyze the relations that happen between the English and the Indians during British colonialism in India. Social contact, as Gillin and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Gillin state, “is the first phase of interaction.” 492 We can say that all kinds of interaction is impossible to be done without firstly doing a contact. There are several kinds of social contacts based on certain aspects. a. Social contact based on the stimulus to make a contact can be classified as below: 1 Physical touch It “is a very common aspect of rules of etiquette, which are largely directions in themselves for smoothing the way to contacts and for preserving them-handshaking, rubbed of noses, mutual washing of feet, embracing, and kissing may be mentioned.” 492 2 Sensory impressions This kind of contact involves other sensory organs of human beings such as eyes, and ears. It means that we give and accept the response by using our sensory impressions. The actions that are possible for the contact such as a smile, a wink, a wave of the hand, a bodily posture, even an unintelligible cry. b. Based on the type of the contacts, they can be identified as positive and negative social contact. 1 Positive social contacts Positive social contacts enable the contacts to get further into associative interactions. Toleration, compromising, cooperative, and assimilative sort are the examples of associative interactions. 2 Negative social contacts PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI “Negative social contacts are those which lead to dissociative interactions or no interaction at all.” The examples are refusing to shake hands, decline to listen to somebody’s speaking, and winking at an unknown person. c. Another kind of social contacts is based on whether they are made directly or not. Those types of contact are primary and secondary contacts. 1 Primary contacts In this type of contacts, both parties who make a contact can make impressions and responses directly to each other. We can spontaneously smile or laugh when we hear someone who speaks to us makes a ridiculous joke. 2 Secondary contacts Secondary contacts need a third person or media to give and receive the contacts. One party cannot directly give a response to the other without any interference from their media. The secondary contacts themselves can be classified into two types. They are direct and indirect contacts. a Direct secondary contacts These contacts only use media which can transmit the response and the stimuli directly to the parties involved, for example using telephone, and chatting using internet. b Indirect secondary contacts Indirect secondary contacts need agents that transmit the response and the stimuli indirectly to the parties involved. Usually, it takes some time to give and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI receive the response. The examples are post mail, facsimile, a courier, and personal columns in a newspaper.

B. Review on the Historical Background