13 There are three significances of using motion pictures in teaching-learning
activity. First, it can record events as they happen and make the events available again. Using motion pictures, we can repeat events in the past as if they happened
again in this present. Here, students are supposed to look at the real events so that they can more understand easily. Second, it motivates students because they enjoy
the medium. Teenagers have a great potential and a great capacity to learn something interesting for them. They prefer responding situations with their own
thought and experience while watching. They can explore their mind whenever they look at something they never see before or at something which relates to their
experience. They will memorize it longer than they will do when they only read textbooks. Third, it can recreate historic events accurately, detailed sets, costumes,
and animation. Historic events already happened in the past when students were not born yet so it is difficult for them to imagine what was happening through text
only, how the settings are, and what kinds of costumes the people used. Through motion pictures, we will explicitly present how the events happened, the setting
and the costumes people used when the events happened The Use of Audio- Visual Teaching Materials in Schools in Japan,
1971:34.
2. Development of Speaking Ability
Developing speaking skills not only has something to do with fluency but people also should consider with their speaking ability. Harmer 1989:269 stated
that there are two elements of speaking. The first element is knowledge of language features and the second element is the ability to process information.
14 Knowledge of language features includes the ability to produce individual
phoneme, to use fluent connected-speech, expresses devices, lexical and grammar, and negotiation language. The ability to process information includes language
processing, interacting with others, and on the spot information processing. Willis 1981:104 suggested several activities that can be used to improve
students’ speaking ability are among others conversation drill, using picture cues, imaginary situations, and role play. Conversation drill can be done through
dialogues or practice a short conversation containing expressions used in the daily life situation. Pictures can be used to help students describe objects that impress
them much. It helps them in making statements because students know the detail parts of the objects so that they will be able to produce a lot of sentences as they
want to say. Imaginary situations can be done through writing a dialogue that presents situations related to the daily life. Role play trains students being
confident in speaking in front of public. In role play grammar mastery, diction, spelling, and content become the focus of the learning.
Goh and Silver 2004 added, “Good speaking abilities are also need for clear expression of ideas and maintaining of interaction.” In building a good
speaking ability, students need to know the effective strategy in learning English and the other aspect like vocabulary mastery to be able to express their idea
clearly. If they can express that idea clearly, they will be able to maintain interaction well.
“English speaking children growing up monolingually may have a vocabulary of more than 10.000 words. By comparison, monolingual adult
English speaker may have a productive vocabulary that is more than twice
15 that size and even larger set of vocabulary items that they can comprehend
in context.” Goh and Silver, 2004:121-122 It means that vocabulary mastery for students is important. Students should master
10.000 English words, at least, to be able to communicate in English. By mastering a lot of vocabulary in English since they are in the first grade of the
speaking development phase, students will be able to develop their speaking ability easily when they are in the higher level. That is why giving a list of new
vocabulary or difficult word that relate to the topic is very useful for students. Learning vocabulary has something to do with pronunciation, stress, intonation,
spelling, and meaning. Drilling is the effective way to complete the learning activity in this section.
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that elements of speaking that should be developed among junior high school students are fluency, accuracy,
and acceptability in the daily life context.
3. Communicative Language Teaching
