Notion of Psychoanalysis Major principles of Personality

6 Lilik Toharudin I

3. Psychoanalysis

a. Notion of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a theory, which was proposed by Sigmund Freud for the first time in 1896 about human being. Furthermore, it is developed and has three meanings in basic and principles. They are psychoanalysis theory of personality and psychopathology; psychoanalysis method of therapy for personality for disturbances; and psychoanalysis a technique for investigating an individual’s unconscious thoughts and feeling Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992:86. Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychological study that analyze the human being personality based on the unconscious thoughts. P sychoanalysis has the basic concept that human’s mental lives are divided into two levels, the unconscious and conscious Feist, 1985:21. Unconscious is all the thoughts, experiences, and a feeling of which human unaware Pervin, 1984:71 and the conscious is everything about human’s feeling and experiences in awareness Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992:86.

b. Major principles of Personality

Freud divided three aspects of personality, they are; id , ego , and superego . Although these aspects have each function, component, principle work and self dynamic, but they have relationship each other. Id, ego, and superego are the unity and human being behavior is the result of these aspects. 1 Id According to Freud Pervin 1984:76 id represents the biological substratum of humans, the source of all drive energy. The energy for a person’s functioning originally resides in the life and death, or sexual and aggressive instincts, which are part of the id . The id seeks the release of excitation, tension and energy. According to Freud Pervin, 1984:76 the id cannot tolerate frustration and is free of inhabitations. It shows no regard for reality and can seek satisfaction through action or through imagining that it has gotten what it wants, the fantasy of gratification is as good as the actual gratification. It is without reason, logic, values, morals, or ethics. The id is demanding, impulsive, blind, irrational, asocial, and selfish and finally pleasure loving. According to Freud Burger, 1986:56, id is “the most basic system of personality where the innate instinct exists. Freud says that the Id is concerned only with satisfying personal desires, regardless of the physical or social limitations that might prevent desire, getting whatever we want. The id functions entirely in the unconscious and is closely tied to instinctual biological urges to eat, sleep, defecate, conpulate that energize our behavior Hjelle, 1992:88 7 Lilik Toharudin I 2 Ego According to Freud ego evolves out of the id to enable the organism to deal with reality. According to Freud Hall, 1985:34 ego can distinguish between things in the mind and things in the external world. The ego must continuously differentiate between things in the mind and things in the outer world of reality. The hungry person in search of food, for example must distinguish between a mental image of food and an actual perception of food if tension reduction is to occur Hjelle, 1992:88. The ego understands that this action can lead the problems and instead attempts to obtain good and this reduce tension, in such manner that the person does not end up in a lot of trouble Burger, 1986:57. Freud explained that ego is able to separate wish from fantasy, can tolerate tension and compromise, and changes over time. Freud says that the function of the ego is to express and satisfy the desires of the id in accordance with reality and the demands of the superego Pervin 1984:77. 3 Superego According to Freud Pervin 1984:77 superego represents the moral branch of our functioning, containing the ideals we strive for and the punishments guilt we expect when we have gone against our ethical code. Superego has functions to control behavior in accordance with the rules of society, offering rewards pride, self-love for good behavior and punishmentguilt, feeling of inferiority, accidents for bad behavior. According toFreud Hall and Lindzey: 1985:35 superego represents the ideal word rather than pleasure of the real world. It tries to reach perfection rather than pleasure. Freud divided the superego into two subsystems: the conscience and the ego-ideal. The superego, while attempting to inhibit completely any id impulse that would be condemned by society, also tries to guide the person toward absolute perfection in thought, word, and deed. In short, it tries to persuade the ego that the pursuit of perfectionist goals is better than the pursuit of realistic ones Hjelle, 1992:91. Freud Feist, 1985:27 maintained that the superego is also previous the ideals, and the ego is used to determine if a behavior is virtuous, and therefore worthy of praise. Superego is a moral element branch of justice from personality system. The super ego thus places more restrictions on what an individual can or cannot do Burger, 1986:57. Superego represents the ideal world rather than pleasure, or the real world. It tries to reach perfection rather than pleasure Hall, 1985:35. 8 Lilik Toharudin I

4. Theory of Trauma