LANGUAGE SHIFT AMONG YOUNG GENERATIONS OF KARONESE.

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LANGUAGE SHIFT AMONG YOUNG GENERATIONS OF KARONESE

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

RIKA DESSY NOPA SITEPU Registration Number: 8146112033

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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i ABSTRACT

Sitepu, Rika Dessy Nopa. Registration Number : 8146112033. Language Shift Among Young Generations of Karonese. A thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistics Study Program. The State University of Medan. 2016.

This study deals with the Language Shift among Young Generations of Karonese. It employs qualitative research design with a case study. This study aims to describe: (1) the factors influence language shift among young generations of Karonese, (2) the patterns of language shift among young generations of Karonese and (3) the reasons of young generations of Karonese shift Karo language into Indonesian language. The subjects were 20 young generations of Karonese, 10 young generations of intramarriage family and 10 young generations of intermarriage family. They were chosen from 10 young generations whose parents are Karonese Father and mother and 10 young generations whose parents are Karonese father and Non Karonese mother. which the ages range between 13-17 years old. The instruments used of this study were questionnaire and interview. The questioner was used to obtain the factor and the patterns of Language shift, and the interview was used to obtain the pattern and also the reasons oflanguage shift. The data were analyzed by Miles and Hubberman and saldana’s data analysis. There are six factors influenced language shift among young generation of Karonese, such as; bilingualism,migration,social factors,political factor, demographic factor, and value and attitude. There are two patterns whic are used by the young generations of karonese. The subjecs from intramarriage family (93%) use Indonesian language and (7%) use Indonesian language and Karo language. Meanwhile, the subjects from intermarriage family only use Indonesian language. There are two reasons of young generations use Indonesian Language, the first is the status of Indonesian language, there are (50%) of young generations from intra marriage family answer this reason and (50%) rest use Indonesian language because of social success. All the young generations of Karonese from Intermarriage family use Indonesian language because the social success.

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ii ABSTRAK

Sitepu, Rika Dessy Nopa. NIM: 8146112033. Pergeseran Bahasa dikalangan Generasi Muda Karo. Tesis. Linguistik TerapanBahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.

Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang pergeseran bahasa dikalangan generasi muda Karo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan desain penelitian studi kasus, yang mengkaji : (1) faktor-faktor mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa di kalangan generasi muda Karo, (2) pola pergeseran bahasa di kalangan generasi muda Karo dan (3) alasan generasi muda Karo menggeser penggunaan bahasa Karo ke bahasa Indonesia . Subjek penelitianini adalah 20 generasi muda Karo, 10 generasi muda Karo dari Keluarga yang menikah sesuku dan 10 generasi muda keluarga perkawinan campuran. Mereka dipilih dari 10 generasi muda yang orangtuanya Karo Ayah dan ibu dan 10 generasi muda yang orangtuanya Karo ayah dan ibu bukan Karo. Yang usianya berkisar antara usia 13-17 tahun. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah angket dan wawancara. kuesioner ini digunakan untuk memperoleh faktor dan pola pergeseran Bahasa, dan wawancara digunakan untuk mendapatkan pola dan juga alasan oflanguage pergeseran. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode Miles dan Hubberman dan Saldana. Ada enam faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa di kalangan generasi muda Karo, seperti; bilingualisme, migrasi, faktor sosial, faktor politik, faktor demografi, dan nilai dan sikap. Ada dua pola penggunaan bahasa yang digunakan oleh generasi muda Karo. Subjek dari keluarga yang menikah sesuku (93%) menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dan (7%) menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Karo. Sementara itu, mata pelajaran dari keluarga perkawinan campuran hanya menggunakan bahasa Indonesia. Ada dua alasan generasi muda menggunakan bahasa Indonesia, yang pertama adalah status bahasa Indonesia, ada (50%) dari generasi muda dari keluarga intra pernikahan menjawab alasan ini dan (50%) sisanya menggunakan bahasa Indonesia karena keberhasilan sosial. Semua generasi muda Karo dari keluarga Perkawinan campuran menggunakan bahasa Indonesia karena keberhasilan sosial.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin,

The writer’s would like to express gratitude to the Almighty god Allah SWT for the mercy in giving the full patient, strength, that has enabled her to finish writing this thesis and also her appreciation and love to her father, Panjang Sitepu,S.Pd and Mother, Norma Br Sembiring who always give her courage and endless pray to keep spirit and never give up to reach her dream.

In the process of writing this thesis, the writer would like to confess a debt of deep gratitude to many people who have given care, attention and bright ideas. In this opportunity, she would like to express her very gratitude to her two advisers, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. as her first adviser and Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd as her second adviser, who have inspired her with their love of language, their methodological, their helpful suggestion, and their motivation.

She would like to express the deepest thanks to the reviewers and examiners, Prof. Amrin Saragih Phd, Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum for their valuable inputs for completion of this thesis. Her great gratitude is also due Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum.as head and secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program for their suggestions and administrative assistance. She also thanks from the bottom of her heart to all lecturers who have given her the valuable knowledge, their ideas, questions, and enthusiasm have been a source of

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inspiration during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program of Postgraduate School, State University of Medan.

She also would like to thanks to her beloved husband, M. Syaiful Saf, SE, her brother Febry Kasnop Sitepu, ST, her younger sister, Kessy Ananda Sitepu, Her Mother in law Halimah Z who have patiently given moral support, their never ending love, motivate and pray.

Then she would like to thanks to her unforgettable relatives in LTBI B2 and B1 Thanks for their support, pray, and motivation in finishing her study. May Allah SWT bless you all. Aamiin. The last but not least, the writer would like to thanks to Camat Besitang for allowing her to conduct research and also to all Karonese young generation in Besitang who have become her respondents which is not mentioned in here one by one.

Finally this thesis is still far from being perfect in spite of fact that the writer has done her best in completing her work. For this reason, it is suggested for other researcher to make further study related to this topic and subject.

Medan July 2016 The writer

Rika Dessy Nopa Sitepu Reg, no. 8146112033

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

ABSTRACT ... i

ABSTRAK ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ... viii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... ix

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 The Background of The Study ... 1

1.2 The Problems of The Study ... 6

1.3 The Objectives of The Study ... 6

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 7

1.5 The Significances of The Study ... 7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 9

2. 1 Language shift ... 9

2.1.1.Dimension in Language Shift Study ... 12

2.1.2. Factors of language shift ... 14

2.1.2.1Bilingualism ... 14

2.1.2.2 Migration ... 15

2.1.2.3 Social factors ... 15

2.1.2.4 Political factors... 16

2.1.2.5 Demographic factor ... 17

2.1.2.6 Attitudes and Values ... 18

2.2 Pattern of Language shift ... 19

2.3 Reason of shift the language ... 22

2.3.1The status of Indonesia as a nationalLanguage 22

2.3.2 To achieve a social success... 23

2.4 Karonese and Karo Language... 23

2.5 Young generation ... 25

2.6 Relevant Studies ... 26

2.7 Conceptual Framework ... 29

CHAPTER III.RESEARCH METHOD ... 32

3.1The Research Design... 32

3.2The Subject and Object of the Study... 33

3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection ... 34

3.4 The Technique of Data Collection ... 35

3.5The Technique of Data Analysis ... 35

3.6The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 37

3.6.1 Credibility ... 37

3.6.2 Transferability ... 38

3.6.3 Dependability ... 38

3.6.4 Confirmability ... 38

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ... 40

41Data Analysis ... 40

4.1.1 Factor that influence Language Shift Among Young Generations of Karonese ... 41

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4.1.1.1 Bilingualism ... 41

4.1.1.2 Migration ... 44

4.1.1.3. Social factors ... 46

4.1.1.4 Political factors... 47

4.1.1.5 Demographic factor ... 48

4.1.1.6 Attitudes and Values ... 50

4.1.2 Pattern of Language shift ... 51

4.1.3 The Reason of language shift ... 54

4.2 Findings ... 56

4.3 Discussion... 57

4.3.1 Factor that Influence Language Shift among Young Generations of Karonese ... 57

4.3.2 The Pattern of Karo Language Shift among Young Generations of Karonese ... 60

4.3.3 TheReasons of Karonese Shift Karo Language into Indonesian Language ... 61

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 62

5.1 Conclusion ... 63

5.2 Suggestions ... 62

REFERENCES ... 64

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LIST OF TABLE

Pages

Table 2.1 Domain of Language use ... 21

Table 4.1 The Influence of Bilingualism among young generations

of Karonese in Besitang ... .. 44 Table 4.2 The Influence of Migration among Young Generation

of Karonese in Besitang ... 45 Table 4.3 The Influence of Social Factor among Young

Generations of Karonese ... 46 Table 4.4 The influence of Political Factor among Young

generations of Karonese ... 48 Table 4.5 The Influence of Demographic Factor in Language Shift among

Young Generation of Karonese in Besitang ... 49 Table 4.6 The Influenced of Value and Attitude in Language Shift among

young generations of Karonese ... 50 Table 4.7 Language Use among Young generations of Karonese in Besitang 52 Table 4.8 Karo Language Competence of among Young Generations

of Karonese ... 53 Table 4.9 Reason of Young Generation Shift Karo language

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viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Pages

Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework ... 30 Figure 3.1 Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model ... 36

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of the study

When born into this world, humans began to learn the language. Little by little, the language is learned by him since childhood so be increasingly mastered the language he had learned since childhood as her first language. With language that's controlled by him, he interacts with the surrounding community.

Adolescence, he had already mastered over two or more languages. All that he obtained when interacting with the public or when in school. This caused him to become bilingual or multilingual. When it became bilingual or multilingual, he was faced with the question, namely which of the languages he mastered the most important languages? At moments like this the process of language shift, which puts a language becomes more important among the languages that he mastered.

Examples that can be put forward by the illustration above are as follows. A child's first language is the language of A. Then, when he mastered the language school B. Gradually she realized that language B is more important or bring enormous benefits to him. This makes him preferred language B than A language in interaction. Thus, the position of a language as the primary language for the child be shifted as the language of the 'marginalized' or secondary. Such cases are referred to the case of language shift.

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The researcher is one of the Karonese in Besitang who can’t speak Karonese fluently, although she understands what the Karonese said because her father and mother speak Karonese each other at home, but they don’t speak around their children. This phenomenon not only occurs from the researcher’s experiences but also from many of her students of junior high school in Besitang do not use Karo language anymore in daily activities. The young generation of Karonese speaks Bahasa Indonesia all the time, even some of them cannot speak Karo language anymore.

The interview between the researcher and a Karonese young generation about the language use at home below shows that the subject doesn’t use Karo language when talk to their parents because she only knows the meaning but can’t say it, it shows the indication of language shift on Karo language.

Researcher : Dek, kamu suku karo kan? (Sis, Are you karonese?) Subject 1 : Iya kak, kenapa kak?

(yes sis, why sis?)

Researcher : Kalau kamu di rumah sama orang tua pakai bahasa apa? (If you are at home, what language do you use to speak with your parents?)

Subject 1 : Pakai bahasa Indonesia kak! (Indonesian language sis?) Researcher : Gak pakai bahasa Karo?

(Not use Karo language?

Subject 1 : Gak kak, gak pande saya kak. Mamak sama bapaknya di rumah berbahasa karo, kalo kami gak. Tak tau saya kak. Tak dibiasakan kami pakai bahasa karo

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(No sis, I’m not clever sis, Mother and father speak Karo language at home, but I am not. I do not understand, we are not habbituated using Karo language

Researcher : O gitu ya. Ngerti sikit - sikit pun kamu gak ya? (O.. I see, Don’t you understand a little?)

Subject 1 : Satu satu kata aja tau artinya kak. (Only some words know, sis) Researcher : Kenapa gak dipelajari?

(why don’t you learn?

Subject 1 : Malas kak. Lagi pula. Bukannya pake bahasa Karo kalo ngomong. Orang – orang karo pun bukan banyak dekat sana. Banyak orang jawa lagi. Dari kecil udah gak tau. Payah belajar-belajar lagi kak.

(I’m lazy sis, moreover, do not use Karo language in communication. Karonese people are not many near there. There are many javanese. Since child have not been knowing . difficult to leran sis.)

Furthermore, the shift is also happened in this conversation below which the subject not speaks Karo langage but they understand the meaning.

Grand mother : O me, buwat sitik nakan bas yongma. (O grand son, take little rice from yongma.) Subject 2 : untuk apa ndong?

(What for grandma?)

Grand mother : Melihe aku, kupukul te ku, gelah ku pan sitek. (I’m hungry, I want to eat little)

Subject : O.. iya ndong, bentar ya. (O... Yes grandma, please wait)

From the conversation above can be assumed that there is the indication of language shift in Subject 1 and 2. The subject 1 does not use and understand

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Karo language, meanwhile, subject 2 understand the meaning but not speak with it. It was happened because his parents do not habituate their children to use Karo Language in daily life. It means that his parents do not maintain the use of Karo language in their family. The subject 1 has negative attitude appreciation of Karo language. According to him Karo language is not important to be learnt because not all the people around him are Karonese. Their attitude can be one of the reoasons Karo language will be shifted to Bahasa Indonesia. Attitudes of language learners are some of the indicators that affect language policy and language learning (Snow, 2007; Young, 2006).

Beside the conversation, the researcher shows the negative attitude of her neighbor toward Karo language; their answers are similar with the researcher experience. Her neighbor said “ I was born and I grow up in Besitang, and not all the people here are Karonese, so I not speak Karo language anymore” and the other said “I understand Karo language but I not said it although I think it, it is not so important for me because everybody around me speaks Indonesian language” . It means that they have negative attitude appreciations on the use of Karo language. Those above are the indications of langugae shift.

Language shift simply means that a community gives up a language completely in favor of another one. For instance as Gunarwan (2004:58) found that Lampung language is shifted because of Bahasa Indonesia’s pressure. Siregar (1998) also found that language shift happens in bilingual young generation society in Medan. This language shift can be seen from the high intensity of the use of Bahasa Indonesia among dominant community. Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact situation (i.e. consisting of

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bilingual speakers) gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other.

Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact situation gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other. According to Weinreich (1953, p.68) language shift is the gradual replacement of one language by another, is often the outcome of language contact in an immigration situation. In this case Karo language is shifted into Bahasa Indonesia in Karonese young generation. If the disfavored language is one that has as its last speakers the members of the community in question, then the language faces endangerment and eventually, language death.

Vernaculars in Indonesia as mother tongue face a challenge against the existence of Indonesian language and foreign language. Many vernaculars in Indonesia shifted even endangered. Indonesian country consists of many societies and there are multi-ethnic of ethnic across many islands in Indonesia, for instance: Javanese, Toba Bataknese, Karonese, Acehnese, Padangnese, Malaynese, Balinese, etc. Besides having many ethnics, Indonesia has moe than 746 vernacular languages (Pusat Bahasa, 2008). Every ethnic has its own original place and they usually use their own native language also, but because of the movement of one ethnic to the other ethnic’s place, it causes there are more than one ethnic live in one place.

The researcher has seen the phenomena among young generations of Karonese around her who do not use and understand Karo language anymore. Karonese young generations face a case of shifting identities, as may be seen the younger generation is losing touch with their culture because they are unable or

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do not speak their ethnic language. If the phenomenon is happened continuously, the young generations will lose their identity in their life so, the researcher thinks that it needs to be investigated. To know why and what reasons make the young generation of Karonese shift their vernacular language. It is very important to concern the study to Karo language shift to make a good planning among the Karonese family.

1.2 The Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study above, the problems are formulated as the following.

1. What factors influence the language shift among young generation of Karonese?

2. How are the patterns of language among young generation of Karonese?

3. Why does language shift occur among the young generation of Karonese?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In line with the problems, the objectives of the study are formulated as the following:

1) To describe the factors influence language shift among young generation of Karonese

2) To describe patterns of language among young generation of Karonese 3) To elaborate the reasons of young generations of Karonese shift the Karo

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1.4 The Scope of the Study

This study was focused on Karo language. Karo language shift in Besitang will be investigated through the language use of young generations or children of Karonese in Besitang District. In this study the young generation was found in junior high schoo and senior high school. Young generation as adolescence can be defined as a period of growth from childhood to adulthood Debrun (in Rice 1990), adolescence can divided into early adolescence (13-16 or 17 years) and late adolescence (up 16-17 years old). In this study the researcher use the average age of the subject young generations are about 13-16 years old.

There were three main aspects were observed in this study. Firsly, the factors of langugae shift among young generatons of Karones. Secondly, the patterns of language shift among young generations of Karonese through their langugae use. Thirdly, the reasons of young generations of Karonese shift the Karo language to Bahasa Indonesia.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

The result of the study can be the previous knowledge for the next researcher who wants to gain a deep insight especially in Karo Language shift. And also for the Second generations (Parents), the result of this study will help them to make a well plan of language planning for their family especially to keep the maintenance of Karo language for future generation so the language is not loss and died and hopefully this study can contribute for all Karonese and people who interested in Karo Language.

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The findings of this study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the findings to provide new contribution to the theory of the language shift. In addition, the findings are expected to add more horizons on language planning issues.

Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected to enrich the theories of language planning especially about Karo language in Besitang, the factors influence Karo language shift in Besitang, the pattern of Karo language among young generations of Karonese and the reason of Karo language shift into Bahasa Indonesia.

Practically, the results of the study are expected to contribute information about language shift among young generations of Karonese for students, lecturers, researchers, and also the government. Firstly for the students so they can enrich their knowledge about language shift. Secondly, the teachers, students, koronese especially young generation of Karonese can use it to support the reversing of the Karo language shift in Besitang. Thirdly, the result of this study can be a previous knowledge for the next researcher whom has intended to gain a deep insight especially in Karo language in and generally in language planning theories. The last, in this case Pusat Bahasa, hopefully the result of this study help them to make a well planned of language planning particularly to keep maintaining the Karo language among the young generations, so the language is not lost.

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62 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

This study deals with Language shift among young generations of Karonese was aimed to describe the factors influence Karo language shift, the pattern of language shift and the reasons of shift Karo language into Indonesian language. Based on the findings, conclusions are drawn as the following:

1. Language shift among young generations of Karonese was influenced by bilingualism, migration, social factor demographic factor, political factor and the last value and attitude.

2. The pattern of language among young generations of Karonese was shift Karo language into Indonesian language, because most of the young generations of Karonese from intra and intermarriage family are monolingual. they only use one language, it is Indonesian language. 3. The reasons of language shift among young generations of Karonese were

status of Indonesian language and social success. Social success become dominant reasons of young generations from intra and intermarriage family, because all of them are still students so, the important thing for them is to make their communication with their friends success.

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5.2 Suggestions

In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as the following.

1. It is suggested particularly to the parents of Karonese young generations in Besitang to keep speaking and teaching Karo language to their children, so they can understand and use Karo language in their communication especially in family domain and also sosial interaction among young generations of Karonese to keep maintaining Karo language to the future generations in Besitang.

2. It is suggested to Local government and Language Centre to apply a program of reversing Karo language shift to keep maintaining Karo language by publishing books about Karo language and by encouraging the love of the young generations on the use of Karo language through performing Karonese ceremonies, storytelling competition, writing competition in culture exhibition.

3. It is suggested to other learners and researchers to be more concerned on the research about Karo language since it is very rare to be conducted. It is suggested to the language experts to write more books or references on Karo language.

4. It is suggested to the teachers to introduce the etchnic language to their children and ask them to learn it, because it is very important to maintain the ethnic language as the identity of culture.

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Internet Access

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)... Accessed on January 2016

http://batak-people.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/suku-batak-karo-bingei-di-kab

-langkat.html .... Accessed on January 2016