VARIATION OF KARONESE LANGUAGE IN TANAH KARO.

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VARIATION OF KARONESE LANGUAGE

IN TANAH KARO

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Master Humaniora

By:

JENHERI REJEKI TARIGAN

Registration Number: 8136112032

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POST GRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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ABSTRACT

Tarigan, Jenheri Rejeki. Registration Number: 8136112032. Variation of Karonese Language in Tanah Karo. Thesis: English Applied Linguistic Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2017.

This study aims to know the Variation of Karonese Language in Tanah Karo. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. This study were done at some places in Tanah Karo. There were at Tigapanah, Tiganderket and Tigabinanga. There were 6 people taken as subject (informant) in this study. The data was collected by giving Swadesh (Phoneme and Lexical) and also by interviewed the native speaker of Karonese. The result of the study dominantly same, but there are some words are different in Phoneme based on three palces in Tanah Karo, such us: they say satu, in Tigapanah /sada/, Tiganderket /sada/ and Tigabinanga /sadæ/ and also result of the lexical are also domintaly same but there are some words are different such us; in Tigapanah people say “benar”

they say “tuhu”, in Tiganderket people say “benar” they say “ tuhu” and in Tigabinanga people say “benar” they say “payo”. So, based on the swadesh (Phoneme and Lexical) and interview, this study accumulate to increase the understanding of variation of Karonese language and for present to the readers about variation of Karonese language and it caused by (1) Regional Dialect and (2) Arena or Geography.

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ABSTRACT

Tarigan, Jenheri Rejeki. Registration Number: 8136112032.Variation of Karonese Language in Tanah Karo. Thesis: English Applied Linguistic Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2017.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Variasi Bahasa Karo di Tanah Karo. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di beberapa tempat di Tanah Karo. Ada di Tigapanah, Tiganderket dan di Tigabinanga. Terdapat 6 orang yang diambil sebagi subjek (informan) dalam penelitian ini. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan memberikan Swadesh (fonem dan leksikal) dan juga mewancara penutur asli bahasa Karo. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahswa variasi bahasa Karo pada fonem berdasarkan hasil adalah sama tetapi ada beberapa kata yang berbeda dalam fonem berdasarkan tiga tempat di Tanah Karo, mereka mengatakan satu, di Tigapanah [sada], di Tiganderket [sada] dan di tigabinanga [sadæ] dan juga hasil untuk leksikal juga dominan sama tetapi ada beberapa kata-kata yang berbeda; di Tigapanah orang mengatakan “benar” mereka mengatakan “tuhu”, di Tiganderket orang mengatakan “benar” mereka mengatakan “tuhu” dan di Tigabinanga orang mengatakan “benar” mereka mengatakan “payo”. Jadi, berdasarkan Swadesh (fonem dan leksikal) dan wawancara, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman tentang variasi bahasa Karo dan untuk para pembaca tentang variasi bahasa Karo, dan ini disebabkan oleh (1) Dialek Daerah (2) Arena atau Geografi.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise is to Jesus Christ, who gives the writer blessing, health, knowledge, power and opportunity to finish this study. The writer’s deepest gratitude is only for Him, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful.

This research could not be completed without a great deal of help of many people. So in the process of writing this thesis, the writer would like to extend his sincere and special thanks. His gratitude is intended for his beloved parents, My Father (Ramlan Tarigan), and Mother (Ringan Br Karo, S.Pd) for their endless love, prays, motivations, and financial support and his beloved sister (Ruth Erlita Br Tarigan,S.E), his beloved brother (Bripda Paska Baskita Tarigan) and for his special wife (Melyana Anggraini, S.Hut) who never gave up supporting him in accomplishing this thesis on time. He is nothing without all of them. He also thanks to his Father in Law Tarsim Purba, S.E and my Mother In Law Rembangi Kembaren who always support and give attention to finish this thesis

His enormous gratitude and best appreciation are expressed to Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd and Dr.Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, his brilliant advisers, who has spent precious time in giving suggestions, encouragement, guidance, advices until this thesis comes to its due time.

He also would like to thanks to all lecturers who have given him the valuable knowledge and science during his study at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program of Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. In particular, he addresses his gratitude also to Dr.Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program as well as his adviser too, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan,M.Hum the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program. The Administration staff (Farid Ma’aruf), for his assistance in the administrative procedures.

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He is also deeply grateful to all his sisters and his brothers and family. Furthermore, he would like to express his gratitude to his best friends, some students in his work (Dwita Pandia, Indriyani Tarigan), STMIK NEUMANN, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Sumatera Utara (STIKESSU), and the member of LTBI Unimed Group and friends that can not mention for sharing ideas and developing his thesis.

The writer realizes that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, the writer expects some suggestions and critics for this thesis. At last, the writer hopes that this thesis will be useful for all.

Medan, 01 March 2017 The Writer,

Jenheri Rejeki Tarigan Reg. No. 8136112032

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ……….……… i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……….……… ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS……… ii

LIST OF TABLES………... iv

LIST OF APPENDICES………... v

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1. The Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. The Problem of the Study ... 6

1.3. The Objective of the Study ... 6

1.4. The Scope of the Study ... 7

1.5. The Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Language and Society ... 9

2.2. Definition of Language Variation ... 11

2.2.1. Types of Variation of Language ... 15

2.2.1.1. Phonology ... 15

2.2.1.2 Phoneme ... 16

2.2.1.3. Lexical ... 17

2.2.1.4. Morphology ... 17

2.2.1.5. Syntax ... 19

2.2.2. The Causes of Variation of Language ... 20

2.2.2.1. Regional Dialect... 20

2.2.2.2. Social Dialect ... 21

2.2.2.3. Sex... 21

2.2.2.4. Arena or Geography ... 22

2.2.2.5. Status ... 22

2.2.2.6. Age ... 23

2.2.2.7. Class ... 23

2.4. Tanah Karo and Karo Language ... 24

2.5. Relevant Studies ... 27

2.6 Conceptual Construct ... 34

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 37

3.2 Subject and Object of The Study ... 37

3.3 Technique of Collecting Data ... 39

3.4 The Instrument of Data Collection ... 39

3.5 Technique of Analysis the Data ... 40

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CHAPTER IV:DATA ANALYSIS, THE RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Data Analysis……….. 46

4.1.1 The Variations of Karonese Language in Tanah Karo……… 48

4.1.1.1 Phoneme ……… 48

4.1.1.2 Lexical ……….. 48

4.1.2 Causes of Variations of Karonese Language In Tanah Karo…………. 57

4.1.2.1 Regional Dialect ………. 57

4.1.2.2 Arena or Geography……… 5

4.2 Findings……… 59

4.3 Discussion……… 59

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions……… 62

5.2 Suggestions……… 63

REFERENCES……….. 64 Appendices

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Selecting Step of Swadesh …….……… 49

Table 4.2 Focusing Step……… 50

Table 4.3 Simplifying Step……… 51

Table 4.4 Abstracting Step……… 53

Table 4.5 Transforming Step……… 54

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Swadesh Phonemes and Lexical of Variation of Karonese Language……..64 Appendix 2 Transcript of Interview Native Speaker of Karonese ………...97

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Language is a cultural identity. Language and identity are inextricably links each other and in order to save identity. Language user must attempt to save their language. Clark (1997) says language is one thing that differentiate human from other creatures. As human being, absolutely we need language to communicate with the others in an interaction. By using language, we can express our ideas, feelings, intentions and desires. In addition, the uses of language can show who we are. It means that we establish our identity through our use of language. Language is purely human and non instinctive method of communication ideas, it means that language does not come by feeling. Language cannot be separated with society. Without society there can be no languages, vice versa without language there can be no society. It seems that everything related to human life in the society involves language because through language the interaction among tribes, ethnic groups and religions can happen. This study looks at the phenomenon of ethnic language variation among Karonese people in linguistic are of lexical and phoneme. The culture of Karonese people in highland of Karo, North Sumatera is located approximately 78 km from Medan, the capital of North Sumatera province cannot separated from the language that is used every day in daily life called as Karo language, because basically language is part of culture.

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Human beings always use language to make an interaction among them. Robert (2008) cites “Language means the system of speech by which human being communicate with one another”. In establishing a social interaction they might choose one of the language forms to use such as spoken or written forms, gestures, and other signs. Language can also be said as a tool of communication. Language plays an important role in the process of speaking and communicating. A good communication between someone to the others can be achieved if they are able to use the language perfectly. It means that what the speaker wants to convey is understood by the listener. If the language they are applying is not understood by the listeners and the speakers, of course, the communication cannot reach the goal. Linguistics takes into account some components of language that are linked into each other. The components include sounds, the arrangements of words, and meanings.

Indonesia has language which known as Bahasa Indonesia. Besides that, Indonesia has many local languages such as Javanese, Sundanese, Bataknese, Karonese, etc. The Karonese is local language which is used by Karo people to communicate among them. Jufrizal (1999) defines dialect as regional varieties of language that may different from other varieties of the language in features of its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. In addition, Wardaugh (2007) explains that dialect sometime is only if there is a strong tradition of writing in local variety. its means that dialect is the language that is used by people who still have strict tradition strictly in a regional.

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Karo language as one of hundreds of Indonesian vernacular is an Austronesia language spoken on Karo Land which is related to Simalungun language, Alas language and Gayo language. Karonese people speak Karo language which also known Karo language. Karo language is spoken in five different dialects, namely dialects of Julu, TeruhDeleng, Singalor Lau, Jahe and Liang Melas. Julu dialect is used in Kabanjahe sub-district, SimpangEmpat, Tigapanah, Berastagi and surrounding. TeruhDeleng dialect is used in KutaBuluh sub-district and partially in Payung sub-district (Prinst, 2002). In his book, he added that Singalor Lau dialect is used in Juhar, Tigabinanga, Singgamanik, Laubaleng and Perbesi. Jahe dialect (Hilir) is used in KaroJahe (Deliserdang-Medan and partially in Langkat (Hulu). Liang Melas dialect is used in Lau Melas sub-district. Those differences can be seen from the sound of words or from the intonation of words. But most of Karonese people in North Sumatera use their own dialect when they communicate with people from different dialect and they still understand each other even the variation of Karonese Language. Chaer (1995) says that variation is variation of language occur because of social variation and regional variation. Variation of language also occurs because of differences social status.

The Karo Language is used by Karonese People. But there are variations of the language in some places in Tanah Karo that are caused by regional and social variation. differences of social status, age, religion and culture also caused the language variation. Because of those variation the result it makes language change even the meaning. In changing of one language, there are semantic

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changing, phonology, morphological, lexical and syntax changing. Language change can because of many factor like time, age, regional and social status. Thus the dialect that is used by people in regional can change because of some factors like time, age, change of regional, social status.

Karo language has some variation and some dialect but the people from the other places or from the other dialect still understand with the meaning. Some words in Karo language are different event the places close each other or same places but it still has differences and why it is happen? If in Karo people it is not problems because they still understand even different with the lexical and phoneme but it is problem for people who are not Karonese. So that’s why the study of this research will be done in variation of Karonese language. In some cases there are some reasons for some words are different but the meaning are same because the context, usual word or the suitable words for that place, so it is because the language choice of certain place. Example for Karonese language variation is ‘Kelapa’ (tualah, tualah, talah, talah), some places use tualah and some else use talah, is because the language choice and the suitable words for that place.

According to Chambers (2003) sociolinguistics is a variety, also called a lect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, accents, registers, styles or other sociolinguistic variation, as well as the standard variety itself. "Variety" avoids the terms language, which many people associate only with the standard language, and dialect, which is associated with non-standard varieties thought of as less prestigious or "correct"

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than the standard. Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard varieties. "Lect" avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether or not two varieties are distinctive languages or dialects of a single language. Variation at the level of the lexicon, such as slang and argot, is often considered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also called registers), but such uses are sometimes discussed as varieties themselves. For example;

No Phoneme Tigapanah Tiganderket Tigabinanga 1. Benar (Right) /tuhu/ /tuhu/ /payo/ 2. Kakek (grandfather) /Bulang/ /Bulang/ /Laki/

No Lexical Tigapanah Tiganderket Tigabinanga 1. MenantuWanita Permen Permen Permain 2. Yang pertama sipertama sipertama sipemena

These data are classified into variation of Karonese language. Because the lexical and phoneme is different from one place to another place. From the example it shows that different places have different phoneme and lexical words.

The variations of language also use the standard language. In sociolinguistics these are called as register or style. Register is on part of language variation. Register refers to the way that language can systematically vary according to the situation in which it is used. So, in other word, in communication, it concerns with relation between language and context in which it is used. The writer talk about the variation of Karonese language because there are some differences, when people from different place talk about some words or they communicate each other there are some differences in phoneme and lexical,

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so, the writer wants to conduct the research about the variation of Karonese language in lexical and phoneme in some places in Tanah Karo, even the meaning is same. The variations of Karonese language in Tanah Karo give us information about the variation of language in Lexical and phoneme. So, the writer tries to analyze the Variation of Karonese language in Tanah Karo. The writer wants to make a deep understanding to the readers about the variation of Karonese language in Tanah Karo, so it can utilize the variation in their daily life. That’s why, the writer chooses this topic to be analyzed the variations of Karonese language are also part of language variation that used for specific purpose.

1.2 Problem of the Study

In this analysis, there are some questions that need to be answered. The problems are:

a. What are the variations of Karonese language in Tanah Karo?

b. Why are the variations of Karonese Language happened in Tanah Karo?

1.3 Objective of the Analysis

In relations to the problems, the objectives of this analysis are: a. To find out the variations of Karonese language in Tanah Karo b. To explain the variations of Karonese language in Tanah Karo

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1.4 Scope of the Study

In most of researches, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been chosen and it is also important to avoid over complicating the issues and analysis. This will help the writer to get the best result of it. According to Robert, (2007) there are some variation of language, they are morpheme, grammar, syntax, phoneme, lexical and phonology. But in this study it is limited only Lexical and phonemes. Besides that, this study also limited on the dialect of Karonese language, they are five different dialect, they are namely dialects of Julu, TeruhDeleng, Singalor Lau, Jahe and Liang Melas. Julu dialect is used in Kabanjahe sub-district, SimpangEmpat, Tigapanah, Berastagi and surrounding. TeruhDeleng dialect is used in KutaBuluh sub-district and partially in Payung sub-district Singalor Lau dialect is used in Juhar, Tigabinanga, Singgamanik, Laubaleng and Perbesi. Jahe dialect (Hilir) is used in KaroJahe (Deliserdang-Medan and partially in Langkat (Hulu). Liang Melas dialect is used in Lau Melas sub-district, but in this study focused with three part of dialect they are; 1. Julu (Tigapanah), 2.Teruh Deleng (Tiganderket), 3.Singalor Lau (Tigabinanga), because the three part of dialect located in Tanah Karo

1.5 Significance of the Study

In this thesis it is also expected that the findings of this study will be significantly relevant to the theoretical and practical aspects. Theoretically, the research findings hopefully can provide significant contribution for a further research to enrich the variation of Karonese language in Tanah Karo. Practically, on the other hand, this research hopefully can provide valuable information for

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people who are interested in language variation especially in Karonese language variation and to the readers to understand and give information about variation in Karonese language.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

This study was concerned on variation of Karonese language in Tanah Karo, based on the analysis the conclusion were stated as:

1. There are two types of variation of language that used in variation of Karonese language, there are Phoneme and lexical. Phoneme and lexical were used in the three places in Tanah Karo, they are Tigapanah, Tiganderket and Tigabinanga. Phoneme from the three places in Tanah Karo are dominantly same although some of them are different. It is also happened with lexical, in three places in Tanah Karo the lexical are dominantly same although some of them are different. So, phoneme and lexical are very influenced the variation of Karonese language in Tanah Karo.

2. Regional dialect and Arena or Geography are the causes of Variation of Karonese language. Regional dialect of the variation of language for every places are different but the meaning are same from the other places. Arena or Geography is the most dominant causes of the variation of Karonese language in Tanah Karo. So, The causes of Variation Karonese language in Tanah Karo are caused by regional dialect and arena or geography

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5.2 Suggestions

Based on the above conclusion, the following suggestion are given as the follow:

1. It is suggested that other researcher of Variation of any language should develop the theory of variation of language, and the further research to analyses the other tribes such as: Javanese, or Nias language

2. The use of variation of Karonese Language will influence the readers especially Karonese and It is suggested that linguist teacher or further researcher should write more books or references about Karonse language.

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