KECERDASAN, KREATIVITAS, TASK COMMITMENT DAN JENIS KELAMIN SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR PRESTASI HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
KECERDASAN, KREATIVITAS, TASK COMMITMENT
DAN JENIS KELAMIN SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR
PRESTASI HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Tesis
Program Studi Magister Psikologi
Ari Firmanto
07820025
Pembimbing:
Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si.
Dr. Latipun, M.Kes.
Program Pasca Sarjana
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
2012
KECERDASAN, KREATIVITAS, TASK COMMITMENT
DAN JENIS KELAMIN SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR
PRESTASI HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Tesis
Diajukan Kepada Program Studi Magister Psikologi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
sebagai salah satu persyaratan untuk Memperoleh Gelar Magister Sains
Ari Firmanto
07820025
Program Magister Psikologi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
2012
TESIS
Dipersiapkan dan disusun oleh:
Ari Firmanto
07820025
Telah dipertahankan didepan Dewan Penguji
Pada tanggal,
06 Agustus 2012
SUSUNAN DEWAN PENGUJI
Ketua
: Dr. Arif budi Wurianto, M.Si
________________
Sekretaris
: Dr. Latipun, M.Kes
________________
Penguji I
: Dr. Diah Karmiyati, M.Si
________________
Penguji II
: Dra. Siti Suminarti Fasikhah, M.Si
________________
KECERDASAN, KREATIVITAS, TASK COMMITMENT
DAN JENIS KELAMIN SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR
PRESTASI HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Yang diajukan oleh:
Ari Firmanto
07820025
Telah disetujui
Tanggal,
Pembimbing Utama
Pembimbing Pendamping
Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si
Dr. Latipun, M.Kes
Direktur
Program Pascasarjana
Ketua Program Studi
Magister Psikologi
Dr. Latipun, M.Kes
Dr. Latipun, M.Kes
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum warrahmatullahiwabarahkatuh
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, atas rahmat dan hidayahNya penyusunan tesis ini dapat
dirampungkan dengan baik. Penulis berupaya semaksimal mungkin menyelesaikan tesis
ini dengan harapan dapat bermanfaat untuk pengembangan keilmuan psikologi yang
berimplikasi luas pada pendidikan.
Dengan segala ketulusan hati, peneliti mengucapkan terima kasih kepada:
1. Dr. Latipun, M.Kes selaku Direktur PPs UMM sekaligus pembimbing
pendamping, yang dengan sabar memberikan bimbingan dan mendidik penulis.
2. Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si sebagai pembimbing utama, yang banyak
memberikan wawasan dan pencerahan pada penulis.
3. Serta seluruh kolega yang telah banyak memberikan dukungan dan bantuannya
dalam penyelesaian penelitian ini.
Penulis berharap adanya masukan maupun kritikan untuk dapat mengembangkan
penelitian selanjutnya yang lebih baik lagi.
Wassalamu’alaikum warrahmatullahiwabarahkatuh
Malang, 09 Agustus 2012
Penulis
Daftar Isi
Halaman Judul ......................................................................................................
ii
Halaman Pengesahan ............................................................................................
iii
Kata Pengantar......................................................................................................
v
Daftar Isi ...............................................................................................................
vi
Daftar Tabel ..........................................................................................................
vii
Daftar Gambar ......................................................................................................
viii
Abstrak .................................................................................................................
ix
Latar Belakang......................................................................................................
1
Tinjauan Pustaka ..................................................................................................
3
Metode Penelitian .................................................................................................
7
Subjek Penelitian ..................................................................................................
8
Instrumen ..............................................................................................................
8
Analisa Data .........................................................................................................
10
Deskripsi Data ......................................................................................................
11
Uji Hipotesis .........................................................................................................
12
Pembahasan ..........................................................................................................
14
Simpulan dan Implikasi ........................................................................................
15
Ucapan terima kasih .............................................................................................
16
Daftar Pustaka ......................................................................................................
17
Lampiran ...............................................................................................................
21
Daftar Tabel
Tabel 1: Deskripsi Variabel ..................................................................................
12
Tabel 2: Hubungan Antar Variabel ......................................................................
12
Tabel 3: Perbandingan Variabel Antar Siswa Laki-laki dan Perempuan .............
12
Tabel 4: Regresi Berganda Stepwise ....................................................................
13
Daftar Gambar
Gambar 1: Hubungan Antar Variabel ...................................................................
8
Gambar 2: Deskripsi Subjek .................................................................................
11
Gambar 3: Hubungan antar Variabel ....................................................................
14
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abd-el-fattah, S. M., & Patrick, R. R. (2011). The relationship among achievement
motivation orientations, achievement goals, and academic achievement and
interest : A multiple mediation analysis. Australian Journal of Educational &
Developmental Psychology, 11, 91-110.
Ai, X. (1999). Creativity and academic achievement: An investigation of gender
differences.
Creativity
Research
Journal,
12(4),
329.
doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1204_11
Arikunto, S. (2002). Prosedur penelitian: Suatu pendekatan praktek. Jakarta: Rineka
Cipta.
Bassey, S.W., Joshua, M. T., & Alice E. A. (2008). Gender differences and mathematics
achievement of rural senior secondary students in cross river state, Nigeria.
Proceedings
of
Episteme,
3,
56-60.
Retrieved
from:
http://cvs.gnowledge.org/episteme3/pro_pdfs/09-bassyjoshua-asim.pdf
Binet. A., & Simon, T. (1916/1983). The development of intelligence in children. New
York:
Arno
Press.
Retrieved
from
http://ia600302.us.archive.org/35/items/developmentofint00bineuoft/developmento
fint00bineuoft_bw.pdf
Chan, Y. H. (2003). Biostatistics 104: Correlational analysis. Singapore Medical
Journal, 44(12), 614-619.
Chan, Y. H. (2004). Biostatistics 201: Linear regression analysis. Singapore Medical
Journal, 45(2), 55-61.
Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational
achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. Elsevier Science Inc. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2006.02.001
Drent, P. J. D., Dengah, B., Bleichrodt, N., Soemarto & Poespadibrata, S. (1978). Tes
inteligensi kolektif Indonesia-dasar. Amsterdam.
Esquivel, G. B., & Lopez, E. (1988). Correlations among measures of cognitive ability,
creativity, and academic achievement for gifted minority children. Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 67(2), 395-398.
Fraine, B. D., Damme, J. V., & Onghena, P. (2007). A longitudinal analysis of gender
differences in academic self-concept and language achievement : A multivariate
multilevel latent growth approach. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32,
132-150.
Gras, R. M. L., Bordoy, M., Juste, G., & Corbalán, J. (2010). Creativity, intelectual
abilities and response styles: Implications for academic performance in the
secondary school. Evaluation, 26(1983), 212-219.
Handayani, T., & Sugiarti (2002). Konsep dan teknik penelitian gender. Malang: UMM
Press
Harris, J. A. (2004). Measured intelligence, achievement, openness to experience, and
creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(4), 913-929.
doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00161-2
Hawadi, R. A. (2002). Identifikasi keberbakatan intelektual melalui metode non-tes.
Jakarta: Grasindo
Hirsh, J., & Peterson, J. (2008). Predicting creativity and academic success with a
“Fake-Proof” measure of the Big Five. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5),
1323-1333.
Isaksen, S. G., & Puccio, G. J. (1988). Adaption-innovation and the torrance tests of
creative thingking: The level-style issue revisited. Psychological Reports, 63, 659670.
Kanazawa, S., & Reyniers, D. J. (2009). The role of height in the sex difference in
intelligence. American Journal of Psychology, 122(4), 527-536.
Kuehn, C., & Krockover, G. (1986). An analysis of fifth and sixth grade
students'acquisition of the inventing prosess. (Reports - Research/Technical). The
Educational
Resources
Information
Center.
Retrievied
from
http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/. No. ED276 618.
McCabe, M. P. (1991). Influence of creativity and intelligence on academic
performance. Journal of Creative Behavior, 25, 116-122.
Mee, T. M., Ong, L. S., & Low, C. H. (2009). Statistical technkecerdasanues employed
in education theses in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 12(2), 269276.
Muammar, O. M. (2011). Intelligence and self-control predict academic performance of
gifted and non-gifted students. Asia-Pacific Journal of Gifted and Talented
Education, 3(1), 18-32.
Munandar, U. (1997). Mengembangkan bakat dan kreativitas anak. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Munandar, U. (2002). Kreativitas dan keberbakatan: Strategi mewujudkan potensi
kreatif dan bakat. (Cetakan Kedua). Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Munandar, U. (2009). Pengembangan kreativitas anak berbakat. Jakarta: Penerbit
Rineksa Cipta.
Naderi, H., Abdullah, R., Aizan, H. T., & Sharir, J. (2008). Intelligence and gender as
predictors of academic achievement among undergraduate students. European
Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 199-207.
Naderi, H., Abdullah, R., Aizan, H. T., Sharir, J., & Kumar, V. (2009). Creativity, age
and gender as predictors of academic achievement among undergraduate students.
Science, 5(5), 101-112. Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com
Naderi, H., Abdullah, R., Aizan, H. T., Sharir, J., & Kumar, V. (2010). Relationship
between creativity and academic achievement: A study of gender differences.
Science, 6(1), 181-190.
Prieto, M. D., Parra, J., Ferrándo, M., Ferrándiz, C., Bermejo, M. R., & Sánchez, C.
(2006). Creative abilities in early childhood. Journal of Early Childhood Research,
4(3), 277-290. doi:10.1177/1476718X06067580
Pusat Layanan Psikologi UMM. (2011). Penyusunan instrumen task commitment siswa
SMP-SMA. (Tidak diterbitkan).
Renzulli, J. S. (1978). What makes giftedness: Re – examining a definition. Phi Delta
Kappan, 60(3), 180-184.
Santrock, J. W. (1996). Adolescence: Perkembangan remaja. (Edisi Keenam). Jakarta:
Erlangga.
Schinka, J. A., Velicer, W. F., & Weiner, I. B. (2003). Research methods in psychology.
New Jersey: Hoboken.
Semiawan, C. (1997). Perspektif pendidikan anak berbakat. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Widiasarana Indonesia.
Sen, A. K., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1993). Correlations among creativity, intelligence,
personality, and academic achievement. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 77, 497-498.
Retrieved from http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3755837
Soegiyono (2009). Penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif dan HRD. Bandung: CV. Alfabeta
Sudjana, N. (2006). Penilaian hasil proses belajar mengajar. Bandung: PT. Remaja
Rosdakarya
Taylor, R. (1990). Interpretation of the correlation coefficient : A basic review. Journal
of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 6, 35-39.
Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal intelligence. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved from
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Thorndike/Animal/
Thorndike, E. L. (1923). On the improvement in intelligence scores from fourteen to
eighteen. Journal of Educational Psychology, 14(9), 513-516. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
Torrance, E. P. (1974). Torrance test of creative thinking. Norms and technical manual.
Benseville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
Torrance, E. P. (1993). Understanding creativity: Where to start?. Psychological
Inquiry, 4(3), 232-234. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0403_17
Torrance, E. P. (2004). Great expectations: Creative achievements of the sociometric
stars in a 30-year study. The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education. 16(1), 5-13.
Urhahne, D. (2011). Teachers judgments of elementary students ability, creativity and
task commitment. Development, 3(2), 229-237.
Varon, E. J. (1963). Alfred Binet's concept of intelligence. Psychological Review, 43(1),
32-58. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/
Vigil-Colet, A., & Morales-Vives, F. (2005). How impulsivity is related to intelligence
and academic achievement. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 199-204.
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16255386
Winkel, W., S. (2004). Psikologi pengajaran. FIK Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Yogyakarta: PT. Gramedia
Yin, T. S., Yusof, Z., Yaacob, C. R., & Othman, A. R. (2010). Performance of the
traditional pooled variance t-test against the bootstrap procedure of difference
between sample means. Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 4(1), 85-94.
DAN JENIS KELAMIN SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR
PRESTASI HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Tesis
Program Studi Magister Psikologi
Ari Firmanto
07820025
Pembimbing:
Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si.
Dr. Latipun, M.Kes.
Program Pasca Sarjana
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
2012
KECERDASAN, KREATIVITAS, TASK COMMITMENT
DAN JENIS KELAMIN SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR
PRESTASI HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Tesis
Diajukan Kepada Program Studi Magister Psikologi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
sebagai salah satu persyaratan untuk Memperoleh Gelar Magister Sains
Ari Firmanto
07820025
Program Magister Psikologi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
2012
TESIS
Dipersiapkan dan disusun oleh:
Ari Firmanto
07820025
Telah dipertahankan didepan Dewan Penguji
Pada tanggal,
06 Agustus 2012
SUSUNAN DEWAN PENGUJI
Ketua
: Dr. Arif budi Wurianto, M.Si
________________
Sekretaris
: Dr. Latipun, M.Kes
________________
Penguji I
: Dr. Diah Karmiyati, M.Si
________________
Penguji II
: Dra. Siti Suminarti Fasikhah, M.Si
________________
KECERDASAN, KREATIVITAS, TASK COMMITMENT
DAN JENIS KELAMIN SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR
PRESTASI HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Yang diajukan oleh:
Ari Firmanto
07820025
Telah disetujui
Tanggal,
Pembimbing Utama
Pembimbing Pendamping
Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si
Dr. Latipun, M.Kes
Direktur
Program Pascasarjana
Ketua Program Studi
Magister Psikologi
Dr. Latipun, M.Kes
Dr. Latipun, M.Kes
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum warrahmatullahiwabarahkatuh
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, atas rahmat dan hidayahNya penyusunan tesis ini dapat
dirampungkan dengan baik. Penulis berupaya semaksimal mungkin menyelesaikan tesis
ini dengan harapan dapat bermanfaat untuk pengembangan keilmuan psikologi yang
berimplikasi luas pada pendidikan.
Dengan segala ketulusan hati, peneliti mengucapkan terima kasih kepada:
1. Dr. Latipun, M.Kes selaku Direktur PPs UMM sekaligus pembimbing
pendamping, yang dengan sabar memberikan bimbingan dan mendidik penulis.
2. Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si sebagai pembimbing utama, yang banyak
memberikan wawasan dan pencerahan pada penulis.
3. Serta seluruh kolega yang telah banyak memberikan dukungan dan bantuannya
dalam penyelesaian penelitian ini.
Penulis berharap adanya masukan maupun kritikan untuk dapat mengembangkan
penelitian selanjutnya yang lebih baik lagi.
Wassalamu’alaikum warrahmatullahiwabarahkatuh
Malang, 09 Agustus 2012
Penulis
Daftar Isi
Halaman Judul ......................................................................................................
ii
Halaman Pengesahan ............................................................................................
iii
Kata Pengantar......................................................................................................
v
Daftar Isi ...............................................................................................................
vi
Daftar Tabel ..........................................................................................................
vii
Daftar Gambar ......................................................................................................
viii
Abstrak .................................................................................................................
ix
Latar Belakang......................................................................................................
1
Tinjauan Pustaka ..................................................................................................
3
Metode Penelitian .................................................................................................
7
Subjek Penelitian ..................................................................................................
8
Instrumen ..............................................................................................................
8
Analisa Data .........................................................................................................
10
Deskripsi Data ......................................................................................................
11
Uji Hipotesis .........................................................................................................
12
Pembahasan ..........................................................................................................
14
Simpulan dan Implikasi ........................................................................................
15
Ucapan terima kasih .............................................................................................
16
Daftar Pustaka ......................................................................................................
17
Lampiran ...............................................................................................................
21
Daftar Tabel
Tabel 1: Deskripsi Variabel ..................................................................................
12
Tabel 2: Hubungan Antar Variabel ......................................................................
12
Tabel 3: Perbandingan Variabel Antar Siswa Laki-laki dan Perempuan .............
12
Tabel 4: Regresi Berganda Stepwise ....................................................................
13
Daftar Gambar
Gambar 1: Hubungan Antar Variabel ...................................................................
8
Gambar 2: Deskripsi Subjek .................................................................................
11
Gambar 3: Hubungan antar Variabel ....................................................................
14
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abd-el-fattah, S. M., & Patrick, R. R. (2011). The relationship among achievement
motivation orientations, achievement goals, and academic achievement and
interest : A multiple mediation analysis. Australian Journal of Educational &
Developmental Psychology, 11, 91-110.
Ai, X. (1999). Creativity and academic achievement: An investigation of gender
differences.
Creativity
Research
Journal,
12(4),
329.
doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1204_11
Arikunto, S. (2002). Prosedur penelitian: Suatu pendekatan praktek. Jakarta: Rineka
Cipta.
Bassey, S.W., Joshua, M. T., & Alice E. A. (2008). Gender differences and mathematics
achievement of rural senior secondary students in cross river state, Nigeria.
Proceedings
of
Episteme,
3,
56-60.
Retrieved
from:
http://cvs.gnowledge.org/episteme3/pro_pdfs/09-bassyjoshua-asim.pdf
Binet. A., & Simon, T. (1916/1983). The development of intelligence in children. New
York:
Arno
Press.
Retrieved
from
http://ia600302.us.archive.org/35/items/developmentofint00bineuoft/developmento
fint00bineuoft_bw.pdf
Chan, Y. H. (2003). Biostatistics 104: Correlational analysis. Singapore Medical
Journal, 44(12), 614-619.
Chan, Y. H. (2004). Biostatistics 201: Linear regression analysis. Singapore Medical
Journal, 45(2), 55-61.
Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational
achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. Elsevier Science Inc. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2006.02.001
Drent, P. J. D., Dengah, B., Bleichrodt, N., Soemarto & Poespadibrata, S. (1978). Tes
inteligensi kolektif Indonesia-dasar. Amsterdam.
Esquivel, G. B., & Lopez, E. (1988). Correlations among measures of cognitive ability,
creativity, and academic achievement for gifted minority children. Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 67(2), 395-398.
Fraine, B. D., Damme, J. V., & Onghena, P. (2007). A longitudinal analysis of gender
differences in academic self-concept and language achievement : A multivariate
multilevel latent growth approach. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32,
132-150.
Gras, R. M. L., Bordoy, M., Juste, G., & Corbalán, J. (2010). Creativity, intelectual
abilities and response styles: Implications for academic performance in the
secondary school. Evaluation, 26(1983), 212-219.
Handayani, T., & Sugiarti (2002). Konsep dan teknik penelitian gender. Malang: UMM
Press
Harris, J. A. (2004). Measured intelligence, achievement, openness to experience, and
creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(4), 913-929.
doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00161-2
Hawadi, R. A. (2002). Identifikasi keberbakatan intelektual melalui metode non-tes.
Jakarta: Grasindo
Hirsh, J., & Peterson, J. (2008). Predicting creativity and academic success with a
“Fake-Proof” measure of the Big Five. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5),
1323-1333.
Isaksen, S. G., & Puccio, G. J. (1988). Adaption-innovation and the torrance tests of
creative thingking: The level-style issue revisited. Psychological Reports, 63, 659670.
Kanazawa, S., & Reyniers, D. J. (2009). The role of height in the sex difference in
intelligence. American Journal of Psychology, 122(4), 527-536.
Kuehn, C., & Krockover, G. (1986). An analysis of fifth and sixth grade
students'acquisition of the inventing prosess. (Reports - Research/Technical). The
Educational
Resources
Information
Center.
Retrievied
from
http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/. No. ED276 618.
McCabe, M. P. (1991). Influence of creativity and intelligence on academic
performance. Journal of Creative Behavior, 25, 116-122.
Mee, T. M., Ong, L. S., & Low, C. H. (2009). Statistical technkecerdasanues employed
in education theses in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 12(2), 269276.
Muammar, O. M. (2011). Intelligence and self-control predict academic performance of
gifted and non-gifted students. Asia-Pacific Journal of Gifted and Talented
Education, 3(1), 18-32.
Munandar, U. (1997). Mengembangkan bakat dan kreativitas anak. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Munandar, U. (2002). Kreativitas dan keberbakatan: Strategi mewujudkan potensi
kreatif dan bakat. (Cetakan Kedua). Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Munandar, U. (2009). Pengembangan kreativitas anak berbakat. Jakarta: Penerbit
Rineksa Cipta.
Naderi, H., Abdullah, R., Aizan, H. T., & Sharir, J. (2008). Intelligence and gender as
predictors of academic achievement among undergraduate students. European
Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 199-207.
Naderi, H., Abdullah, R., Aizan, H. T., Sharir, J., & Kumar, V. (2009). Creativity, age
and gender as predictors of academic achievement among undergraduate students.
Science, 5(5), 101-112. Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com
Naderi, H., Abdullah, R., Aizan, H. T., Sharir, J., & Kumar, V. (2010). Relationship
between creativity and academic achievement: A study of gender differences.
Science, 6(1), 181-190.
Prieto, M. D., Parra, J., Ferrándo, M., Ferrándiz, C., Bermejo, M. R., & Sánchez, C.
(2006). Creative abilities in early childhood. Journal of Early Childhood Research,
4(3), 277-290. doi:10.1177/1476718X06067580
Pusat Layanan Psikologi UMM. (2011). Penyusunan instrumen task commitment siswa
SMP-SMA. (Tidak diterbitkan).
Renzulli, J. S. (1978). What makes giftedness: Re – examining a definition. Phi Delta
Kappan, 60(3), 180-184.
Santrock, J. W. (1996). Adolescence: Perkembangan remaja. (Edisi Keenam). Jakarta:
Erlangga.
Schinka, J. A., Velicer, W. F., & Weiner, I. B. (2003). Research methods in psychology.
New Jersey: Hoboken.
Semiawan, C. (1997). Perspektif pendidikan anak berbakat. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Widiasarana Indonesia.
Sen, A. K., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1993). Correlations among creativity, intelligence,
personality, and academic achievement. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 77, 497-498.
Retrieved from http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3755837
Soegiyono (2009). Penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif dan HRD. Bandung: CV. Alfabeta
Sudjana, N. (2006). Penilaian hasil proses belajar mengajar. Bandung: PT. Remaja
Rosdakarya
Taylor, R. (1990). Interpretation of the correlation coefficient : A basic review. Journal
of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 6, 35-39.
Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal intelligence. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved from
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Thorndike/Animal/
Thorndike, E. L. (1923). On the improvement in intelligence scores from fourteen to
eighteen. Journal of Educational Psychology, 14(9), 513-516. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
Torrance, E. P. (1974). Torrance test of creative thinking. Norms and technical manual.
Benseville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
Torrance, E. P. (1993). Understanding creativity: Where to start?. Psychological
Inquiry, 4(3), 232-234. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0403_17
Torrance, E. P. (2004). Great expectations: Creative achievements of the sociometric
stars in a 30-year study. The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education. 16(1), 5-13.
Urhahne, D. (2011). Teachers judgments of elementary students ability, creativity and
task commitment. Development, 3(2), 229-237.
Varon, E. J. (1963). Alfred Binet's concept of intelligence. Psychological Review, 43(1),
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