Examples: I have come to school without my glasses so now I can’t see to
read She has finished her works so now she can sit back and rest
Some adverbs that often used in present perfect tense.
1. Just: to indicate completed activities in the immediate past.
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Examples: George has just gone out he went out a moment ago
We have just finished breakfast we finished breakfast a few minutes ago
2. Already: to say something happened sooner than expected.
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Examples: ‘What time is Mark living?’ ‘He has already gone’
3. Yet: to show that speaker is expecting something to happen.
Use yet only in question and negative sentences. Examples:
Has it stopped raining yet?
I’ve written the letter but I haven’t posted it yet 4.
Lately Examples:
I have been very busy lately She hasn’t been well lately
5. Recently
Examples: I’ve seen Michel recently
There have been a lot of changes recently
B. Games
1. The Meaning of Games
Everyone likes to play a game, boy and girl, no matter child or adult. Game is a fun activity to plays that acceptable for children and
adult people . As Andrew Wright noted that “... it is generally accepted
that young learners and adults are very willing to play game”.
25
23
Raymond Murphy, Opcit, p. 16
24
A. S. Hornby, Guide to Patterns and Usages in English, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975, 2
nd
ed., p. 494
25
Andrew Wright, at al., Games for Language Learning, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 2
The experts interpreted the meaning of game in many different ways. According to Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, game is “A form of competitive play or sport with rules”.
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Also Cambridge Advanced Learner
’s Dictionary has stated that game is “An entertaining activity or the equipment needed for such an activity
”.
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In her statement, Mania Moayat said that using games could energize in learning a foreign language. At the point when utilizing
games within the classroom, it is helpful for educators to have a complete understanding of the meanings of games, which typically are
characterized as a manifestation of play concerning guidelines, competition, and a component of fun.
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As discussed on web page, games are fun exercises that push association, considering, learning, and critical thinking methodologies
Amy Talak.
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From the descriptions above, the writer can say that game is an amusing activity, which is carried out by cooperating or competing
with a set of rules, beside that the students also get fun in learning activity,
in this case, to develop students’ knowledge in grammar especially about present perfect tense.
2. The Form of Language Games
There are many possible techniques in teaching learning process to transfer the teaching points to students such as discussion, the use of
pictures, songs, games, and so on. When teachers use games as a part of teaching techniques, there
are also many different versions of each general type of games and each version may give rise to different language skills and be
26
A S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learne r’s Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955,
5
th
ed., p. 486
27
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 3
rd
ed., p. 590
28
http:files.eric.ed.govfulltextED529467.pdf
29
http:digitalcollections.sit.educgiviewcontent.cgi?article=1488context=ipp_collection
appropriate for different levels of language achievement. It is essential to choose games which are appropriate to the class in terms of
language and type of participation. Having chosen an appropriate game, its character and the aim of rules must be made clear to the
learners. William Francies Mackey divided games into four points based on
the communicative activities which emphasize the four basic skills:
1 Listening game; perception games and comprehension games
2 Speaking
game; observation games, guessing games, oral composition games
3 Reading game; recognition games, comprehension games
4 Writing game; spelling games, composition games
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From the description above, the game technique that the writer uses in research is all the forms of game. They are listening game,
speaking game, reading game and writing game which divided into comprehension and composition games.
3. The Principles of Choosing and Using Language Games
