c. A correlation and repeated, for example; they wanted they said they
wanted to leave.
17
These error are unsystematic and not very serious problem because the student themselves can correct. These errors are attributed to carelessness,
lapse of memory, sick or emotion state. 2.
Error of competence Competence is knowing what is grammatically right. Errors of
competence are the result of application rules by the learners of the language that do not yet correspond to the foreign language norm. these
errors are persistent and systematic and in consequence serious and their treatment calls for careful analysis to discover their causes.
6. Procedures of Error Analysis
In the language teaching, either a native language a second language teaching, study about students’ errors is very important. There are some
procedures in error analysis, namely: 1
Identification of errors, the first step in the process of analysis is recognition identification of errors. In this step teachers recognize the
students’ errors from the task give by the teachers. 2
Description of errors, the next step is the describing errors. It begins when an identification stage has taken place. The description of student errors
involves classification of kinds of errors made by the students. 3
Explanation of errors, the third step in the process of analysis is the explanation of error that can be regarded as a linguistic problem. This step
attempts to account for how and why the s tudents’ errors happen.
4 Evaluation of errors, in this step, the teacher gives evaluation from the task
done by the students depends on the task that teacher will be giving to the students.
17
Ratnawati, Error Analysis on Students Narrative Writing, Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2004, p.8
5 Preventing correction of error, finally the last step in the process of
analysis is correction of error when the teacher checks the result from the task done by the studesnts. And then the teacher gives the correct answer
from the errors has been done by the students.
18
Table 2.1 The Procedures of Error Analysis
Identification of error
Description and error classification
Explanation Correction
I watch
TV yesterday.
Simple past tense -
Omission of –ed The verb “watch”
should be past form. I
watched TV
yesterday. He is owing me six
thousands rupiah. Verb
- Inappropriate verb
construction “owe” is a stative verb
and doesn’t require the -ing participle.
He owes me six thousands rupiah.
B. TENSE
1.
The Understanding of Tense The word “tense” is derived ultimately from the Latin word ”tempus”
meaning “time”.
19
Tense commonly refers to the time of the situation which relates to the situation of the utterance or at the moment of speaking.
There are many definitions of tense. One of them is as stated by Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik stated that by tense we understand the
correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time past, present, or future.
20
And Michael Swan stated that “the verb-forms which
show differences in time are called tense. Tense are formed either by
18
Theo Van Els and friends, Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of Foreign Languages, London: a Division of Hodder Stoughton, 1983, p.47
19
John Lyons, Linguistics Semantic An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995, p.312
20
Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English, London: Pearson Education Limited, 2002, 3
rd
ed., p.415
changing the verb e.g know, knew; work, worked,or by adding auxiliry verbs e.g will know; had worked
”.
21
In Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, tense is defined as a form taken by a verb to indicate the time at which the action or state is viewed as
accruing.
22
In another source it is said that “tense is the form of a verb that
shows us when the action or state happens past, present or future. The name of a tense is not always a guide to when the action happens. The present
continuous tense, for example, can be used to talk about the present or the future.
23
Tense refers to the indication of time by the form of the verb or verb phrase, ie whether an action is a present, past or future one.
24
Based on the definitions above, the writer concludes that tense is a verb-form that is
indicates the time at which a state happens or the action.
2. Types of Tense
