Problem Formulation Problem Limitation

6 For policy makers, they will develop new mind sets; at least they are urged to provide learning aids that will encourage students to have high motivation in learning and to pay attention to the students’ motivation and needs. Along with wise decisions, such mindsets will transform into wider practice beneficial for the students. G. Definition of Terms There are some definitions that the writer clarified in order to make the study understandable. The terms are as follows: 1. Design Design is defined as “a developed plan to guide educational activity in a situation” Houle, 1978, p. 230. The plan refers to an instructional material design that will be used before one is doing something. In education, a teacher has to make a lesson plan in order to facilitate the teaching learning process. By doing this, the teacher helps the students to achieve the learning objectives, because the teacher will be able to reduce any difficulties that probably arise during the teaching learning process. In this study, designing means an activity of making some strategies, materials, and teaching-learning activities in the target language using documentary videos as media. 2. Listening The definition of listening, according to Brownell 1985, p. 45, is a process that includes hearing, attending to evaluating and responding to spoken messages. In this study, the term listening refers to the listening learning activity, where the listeners of the utterances focus on the spoken message conveyed through the implemented media. 7 3. Documentary video The term documentary in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 2003, p. 342, means “something consists of documents and gives a record or report of the facts of something, especially by using pictures, recordings, etc.” While video means “any moving images that have sound and story recorded on the videotape or video discs” Oxford, 2003, p. 1327. Video here is closely related to audio – visual aids in learning listening, in which the video produces sound and has a particular plot of a story. Video in this research is close to definition by Skerritt 1984, p. 8: Video is not a vacuum, detached from the learning task and the learner. It is seen as a medium by which specific educational objectives can be achieved under certain appropriate condition in which video provides a realistic setting for language activity together with the opportunity of responding to the many non – verbal stimuli occurring in normal face-to-face communication. Here, in this study, the term video refers to the recording that provides information of facts in the form of moving images. Therefore, documentary video means the documents given as the report and record of the facts that is presented in the form of moving images. The documentary videos contains realistic setting and information, is therefore, useful for the educational purposes.