2 Content focus: Language is not an end in itself, but a means of conveying information and feelings about something.
3 Language focus: The aim is to enable learners to use language, because it is unfair to give learners communication tasks and activities for which they do
not have enough of the necessary language knowledge. 4 Task: The ultimate purpose of language learning is language use. Therefore,
the task is used for learners to use the content and language knowledge they have built up through the unit.
Figure 2.2: A Material Design Model Waters Hutchinson, 1994, p. 109 CONTENT
LANGUAGE
TASK INPUT
4. Instructional Design Models
In composing
Instructional Design
Model, Yalden’s
and Kemp’s
Instructional Design Models are employed here.
a. Yalden’s Model
In Yalden’s model, the syllabus emphasizes the communicative function. This means that it is important to ensure that learners acquire the ability to
communicate in a more appropriate way. According to Janice Yalden 1987, p. 89, there are seven stages offered in language program development.
1 Needs survey Needs survey is conducted to gain information about the students in order to
understand the students well. Basically, the idea of needs analysis deals with communication requirements, personal needs, motivations, relevant characteristics
and resources of the learner. 2 Description of purpose
With the needs survey complete or at least well underway the next step is to clarify the purpose of the language program. This step will establish the foundation
for the major decision facing the language course designer when the designer arrives at the next namely the selection of a syllabus type. Initially, this did not
appear to present a problem. 3 Selection or development of syllabus
There is no single syllabus design, which is universally agreed upon. The statement was proposed by Yalden 1987, p 108 and She believed that there is no
fixed syllabus for a particular subject. There must be modification in designing syllabus and the modification can be done during the process. In designing syllabus,
