12 about his or her character. The author reveals the habits of the character both
positive and negative which help us know something about the character. Author does not only apply one of those nine methods in describing the
story, but the author varies them to make the reader go into the flow of the story. Therefore, the reader is usually unaware of the method which the author uses to
reveal the characters and personalities, so that the reader will think that the characters are real people.
2.1.3 Critical Approaches
The critical approach becomes an essential part of literary study because it helps readers to get a better understanding of its nature, function, and of the
positive values of literary work. Rohrberger and Woods, Jr 6-15 say that to study a piece of literature, we have to use critical approaches to literature.
Therefore, they provide approaches which the readers may apply in evaluating a literary work. Those approaches are as follows: the formalist approach, the
biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.
The formalist approach suggests that in analyzing a work of literature, we should only deal with the idea of the work itself. It is not necessary to study the
author’s life, the social background, the psychological aspects, or any sources related to the work.
The biographical approach emphasizes the author’s life background. The biography of the author is used as the basis of analysis. Therefore, readers must
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13 know the background and the personal life of the author in order to get a good
understanding about literary works because sometimes a writer writes literary works based on their life experiences. Generally, this approach is applied to
biographical novels. The sociocultural-historical approach is based on the belief that the literary
work is influenced by the social, culture, and historical background of the author. Therefore, the author’s social, cultural and the historical life has an important
place in determining literary work. Literary works also can be a proof of historical events or can be a portrait of events at a certain moment in time.
The mythopoeic approach, this approach deals with universal recurrent patterns of human thought, which are considered to find expression in significant
works of art. These universally recurrent patterns are those that find first expression in ancient myths and folk rites and are so basic to human thought that
they have meaning for all people. The psychological approach, this approach emphasizes the use of
psychological theories to analyze the personality and behavior patterns shown in literary works.
In this study I use the psychological approach for guidance. This approach enables us to analyze the novel from the psychological point of view.
2.1.4 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
