material that is presented, what it means, its relevance, how it can be applied and in what contexts.
c. Principles of Interactive Learning Multimedia
Mayer 2001 in Mishra Sharma 2005: 200 explains seven cognitive principles of interactive learning multimedia. The principles are:
1 Multimedia principle: Individuals learn, retain, and transfer information better when the instructional environment involves words and pictures,
rather than word or picture alone. 2 Modality principle: Individuals learn, retain, and transfer information
better when the instructional environment involves auditory narration and animation, rather than on-screen text and animation.
3 Redundancy principle: Individuals learn, retain, and transfer information better when the instructional environment involves narration and
animation, rather than on-screen text, narration, and animation. 4 Coherence principle: Individuals learn, retain, and transfer information
better when the instructional environment is free of extraneous words, pictures, or sounds.
5 Signaling principle: Individuals learn, retain, and transfer information better when the instructional environment involves cues that guide an
individual’s attention and processing during a multimedia presentation 6 Contiguity principle: Individuals learn, retain, and transfer information
better when the instructional environment where words or narration and pictures or animation are presented simultaneously in time and space.
7 Segmentation principle: Individuals learn, retain, and transfer information better when the instructional environment where individuals experience
concurrent narration and animation in short, user-controlled segments, rather than as a longer continuous presentation.
All the seven principles were considered as foundation in developing the interactive learning multimedia of this study.
d. Elements of Interactive Learning Multimedia
Multimedia system consists of at least five elements that are text, graphic, animation, sounds, and video. The theories of those elements are:
1 Text According to Vaughan 2008:21, it is important to design labels for
title screens, menus, and buttons using words that have the most precise and powerful meanings to express what you need to say. In writing content text
developer should make it concise otherwise, the screen will be overcrowded and unpleasant. Beside diction, multimedia developer should also consider
about font types and size. 2 Graphics
Ivers Barron 2002:89 refer graphic to image or any information in the computer that is presented via pictures, drawings, or paintings. There are
many ways to obtain graphics for a computer project: They can be created from scratch with a computer program, imported from an existing file,
scanned from a hard copy, or digitized with camera. The most important point is the graphics should be clear and relevant with the learning materials.
3 Animation Ivers Barron 2002:94 define animation as graphic file that include
movement. They separate animation into two types. There are path animation
and frame animation. Path animation involves moving an object on a screen that has a constant background. Frame animation refers to several objects that
can move at the same time, the background can change, or the object itself can change into another abject.
4 Sound Bhatnager, Mehta and Mitra 2001:14 define sound as brain’s
interpretation of electrical impulses being sent by inner ear through the nervous system. They differentiate the use of sound in multimedia in two
ways. The first is content sound, it provides information to audiences and the second is ambient sound. The examples are backsound and sound effects.
5 Video Digital video refers to motion sequences that have been recorded with
a computer and saved as a computer file. Video can be used to show action and processes and to illustrate events that users cannot see directly or clearly
in real time Mishra and Sharma, 2005:5. All the elements above support students to understand materials
better. To develop an effective learning multimedia researcher should consider the combination of where and when to put those elements.
e. Criteria of Effective Interactive Learning Multimedia
