THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS IN THE INDONESIAN VERSION OF ROBERT KIRKMAN’S THE WALKING DEAD: RISE OF THE GOVERNOR.

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THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS IN THE

INDONESIAN VERSION OF ROBERT KIRKMAN’S THE

WALKING DEAD: RISE OF THE GOVERNOR

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

By:

DINA WAHYUNI TANJUNG

NIM 2121220004

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2016

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DECLARATION

Except where appropriately acknowledge, this thesis is my own work, has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for assessment.

I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise for plagiarism.

Medan, September 2016

Dina Wahyuni Tanjung Reg. No. 2121220004

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ABSTRACT

Tanjung, Dina Wahyuni. 2121220004. The Translation of Cultural Expressions in the Indonesian Version of Robert Kirkman’s The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2016.

The study entitled The Translation of Cultural Expressions in the Indonesian Version of Robert Kirkman’s The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor. The objectives of the study were to find out the types of the cultural expressions found in the original and Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor and to find out the translation procedures used to transfer the cultural expressions from English into Indonesian. The study was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative design. The data of the study were cultural words and phrases found both in the original and the Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor novel, and there were 117 words and phrases found in the novel. Newmark’s theory which deals with types of cultural words and translation procedures were applies to analyze the data. The findings of the study showed that the types of cultural expression were realized in the novel with the ratio: 50 items of material culture, 27 items of ecology, 22 items of organizations, customs, activities, procedures, and concepts, 17 items of social culture, and 1 item of gestures and habits. Moreover, it was found that 10 translation procedures were used to translate the expressions with the ratio: 58 items of transference, 21 items of expansion, 9 items of through-translation, 8 items of couplets, 7 items of naturalisation, 6 items of cultural equivalent, 4 items of functional equivalent, 2 items of synonymy, 1 item of componential analysis, and 1 item of paraphrase.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to thanks to Allah SWT and the Prophet Muhammad SAW for the blessings during her academic year at English and Literature Department Faculty of Languages and Arts (FBS) State University of Medan in completing the thesis. The writer is also very grateful to the following people:

 Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., Rector of State University of Medan.  Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and

Arts (FBS) State University of Medan, who has sincerely given advice and guidance during her study.

 Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature Department as well as the examiner of the writer, and Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English and Literature Department, who have always helped and guided her during the completion of the study.

 Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Study Program and Nora Ronita, S.Pd., S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Education Program for their advices and encouragement to complete the thesis.

 Her beloved parents, Jusman Tanjung and Lailan Safina Lubis and her beloved brother, Dede Wahyudi Tanjung who have sincerely given great affection, encouragement, financial support and have become her main motivation to complete the study.

 Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed., her Consultant, who has patiently given advice, motivation, suggestion, and correction during the completion of her thesis, and also for Drs. Lidiman Sahat Martua Sinaga, M.Hum., as her Consultant and Academic Advisor for guiding and supervising her during the study.

 Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., her Examiner, who have kindly given correction and suggestion for the betterment of her thesis.

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 All the Lecturers of English and Literature Department who have taught and guided her during the academic year.

 Eis Sri Wahyuningsih, M.Pd., the Administration Staff of English Department, who has given advice and helped her during the fulfillment of her thesis.

 Her beloved friends since 2009, Dian Novita Sari, Siti Wahyu Aliyah, and Ria Astuti, who have become great friends and never stop to give support to fulfill her thesis,

 Her beloved group, Homograph that consists of Yeni Novita Sari, Dian Sukma Lestari, Basyariah, Cindy Putri, Dina Febriana, and Yumi Saniah Lubis, for a great friendship and all experiences that have been gone through together.

 Her beloved friend, Rekha Khairunisa, who has struggled together and accomponied her to go through the time during the completition of this thesis

 Her beloved classmates in English Literature A 2012 for the extraordinary four years during the academic year.

 Her boarding house mates, Almira Nuramalia, Dini Dayana, etc, who never stop giving her encouragement and always be there whenever she needs help.

 Mayesa Hafsah Kirana, for being a cute moodbooster during the bad situation of completing the thesis.

Medan, September 2016 The writer

Dina Wahyuni Tanjung Reg. No. 2121220004

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Pages

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENT ... iv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. The Background of the Study ... 1

B. The Problems of the Study ... 4

C. The Objectives of the Study ... 4

D. The Scope of the Study ... 4

E. The Significance of the Study... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A.Theoretical Framework ... 6

1. The Overview of Translation Theory ... 6

2. Cultural Expressions in Translation... 8

3. Untranslatability ... 11

a. Linguistic Untranslatability ... 11

b. Cultural Untranslatability ... 12

4. Types of Cultural Expressions ... 14

a. Ecology ... 14

b. Material Culture ... 15

c. Social Culture... 16

d. Organizations, Customs, Activities, Procedures, Concepts... 17

1) Political and Administrative ... 17

2) Historical Terms ... 17

3) International Terms ... 18

4) Religious Terms... 18

5) Artistic Terms ... 19

e. Gestures and Habits ... 19

5. Translation Procedures of Cultural Expressions ... 19

a. Transference... 20

b. Naturalisation ... 21

c. Cultural Equivalent ... 22

d. Functional Equivalent... 22

e. Descriptive Equivalent ... 23

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g. Through Translation ... 24

h. Shift or Transpositions ... 26

i. Modulation ... 27

j. Recognised Translation ... 27

k. Translation label ... 28

l. Compensation ... 28

m.Componential Analysis ... 28

n. Reduction and Expansion ... 29

o. Paraphrase ... 29

p. Other Procedures ... 30

q. Couplets ... 30

r. Notes, additions, glosses ... 31

6. Description of The Novel “The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor” . 32 B.Relevant Studies ... 34

C.Conceptual Framework ... 37

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD A.Research Design ... 39

B.Data and Source of the Data ... 39

C.Technique of Collecting the data ... 40

D.Technique of Analyzing the data ... 40

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS A.The Data ... 42

B.The Data Analysis ... 42

1. The Analysis of the Types of Cultural Expressions ... 42

a. Ecology ... 45

b. Material Culture ... 48

c. Social Culture ... 50

d. Organizations, Customs, Activities, Procedures, Concepts ... 53

e. Gestures and Habits ... 55

2. The Analysis of the Translation Procedures ... 56

a. Transference ... 57

b. Naturalisation... 60

c. Cultural Equivalent ... 62

d. Functional Equivalent ... 64

e. Synonymy ... 65

f. Through-Translation ... 67

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h. Expansion ... 69

i. Paraphrase ... 71

j. Couplets ... 71

C. Research Findings ... 73

D. Discussion... 74

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 76

B. Suggestions ... 77

REFERENCES ... 78

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LIST OF TABLES

Pages Table 4.1 The Number and Percentage of the Types of Cultural

Expression Found in The Walking Dead: Rise of the

Governor ... 43

Table 4.2 The Representation of Ecology ... 45

Table 4.3 The Representation of Material Culture ... 48

Table 4.4 The Representation of Social Culture ... 51

Table 4.5 The Representation of Organizations, Customs, Activities, Procedures, and Concept ... 53

Table 4.6 The Example of Gestures and Habits ... 55

Table 4.7 The number and Percentage of the Translation Procedures Used in The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor ... 57

Table 4.8 The Representation of Transference ... 58

Table 4.9 The Representation of Naturalisation ... 60

Table 4.10 The Representation of Cultural Equivalent ... 62

Table 4.11 The Representation of Functional Equivalent ... 64

Table 4.12 The Examples of Synonymy ... 66

Table 4.13 The Representation of Through-Translation ... 67

Table 4.14 The Example of Componential Analysis ... 69

Table 4.15 The Representation of Expansion ... 69

Table 4.16 The Example of Paraphrase ... 71

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of the Study

The existence of language in human civilization has made the language itself have a very significant role especially in communication. When people do communication, it is language which delivers what they intend to say as well as the responses conveyed by the interlocutors. Language can be simply called as a means of communication and self-expression. In its use, a large number of languages in the world certainly raises a question of how a person using a certain language can communicate fluently to the one using a different language from him. When this problem obstructs the communication, the term “translation” is one way which will effectively and efficiently solve this communication problem. Larson (1984:3) states that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. In line with the preceding statement, Catford (1965:20) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).

Translation as a mediator between one language to another has a function to help a person understand, respond, and even talk fluently when communicating to the one using a different language. In this case, someone can be called as a qualified translator or interpreter when he is not only able to comprehend the concept of translation, but also able to apply it properly in interlingual communication either in oral form or in written form. Therefore, it needs to be

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highlighted that becoming a translator is not an easy task since there must be some obstacles that obstruct the translator in doing translation activity.

One important point that should be paid attention to by a translator is the correlation between culture and language as proposed by Newmark (1988:94) who defines culture as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression. In addition, Nida (1964:91) states that words are fundamentally symbols for features of the culture. The two statements vividly show that language and culture have a very close relationship. The language used by a group of people will usually reflect their own culture since language is the product of culture and it will develop along with the culture of the society.

In connection with the fact that culture and language have a close linked system, a translator needs to be aware of the existence of cultural aspect in translation process. The difference of cultural concept between source language and target language makes the translator a bit harder to find the equivalent in the target language to transfer cultural expression found in the source language. Therefore, the translator is demanded to comprehend and has a broad insight about the cultural concept either in source language or target language and also understand about the translation procedures especially in translating cultural expressions.

As one of phenomenon in translation, the writer was interested in making a study about the translation of cultural expressions in a novel. In translating a certain novel into another language, the translator will absolutely face the problem

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of how to translate the cultural expressions found in the original novel into another language due to the difference of cultural concept between a source language and a target language. In this case, the English novel of “The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor” which is written by Robert Kirkman and translated into Indonesian by Maria Lubis will be the object of the study.

In the translation process of the novel from English into Indonesian, it can be found that the novel contains the cultural expression in the forms of words and phrases that difinitely influence the translation process. For instance, the phrase “macramé bracelets” in the original novel is one of the cultural expression because this kind of bracelets is a typical accessory in USA. Macramé ( MAC-ruh-may) is actually the art or craft of tying cordage into knots in such a way that they form a useful or decorative shape. This was a very popular craft in the 1970s in the USA that is now being revived in the form of jute jewelry and knotted purses. Therefore, the translator transferred this cultural expression by applying one of the translation procedures, i.e. functional equivalent (finding the neutral or general equivalent in the target language); thus “macramé bracelets” was translated as “Gelang anyaman benang”. Overall, the study would be designed to find, to classify, and to analyze the expressions as well as the translation procedures used to translate the cultural expressions in the novel based on the theory of Newmark. This kind of study is actually expected to show the quality of translated novel published in Indonesia.

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B. The Problems of the Study

The problems of the study were formulated in the following questions:

1. What types of the cultural expressions were found in the original and Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor?

2. What translation procedures were used to translate the cultural expressions into the Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor?

C. The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problem of the study as stated above, the objectives of the study are:

1. To find out the types of the cultural expressions found in the original and Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor

2. To find out and describe the translation procedures used to transfer the cultural expressions into the Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor.

D. The Scope of the Study

To avoid an overlapping and misleading discussion, the study would be focused on analyzing the cultural expressions found in the original and the Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor.

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E. The Significance of the Study

The study is expected to give valuable contribution theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected to contribute on the development of translation study, especially on how translation is applied in transferring cultural expressions in literary work, especially translated novel. Meanwhile, practically the findings of the study are supposed to be useful for the following people:

1. The translators may use this study as a reference to them in translating the English novel into the Indonesian version, so that they can produce the better quality of Indonesian literary works.

2. The students and readers can use the study as a guidance to learn about the translation of cultural expressions in literary works, especially translated novel.

3. The other reseachers can use the study as one of the relevant studies and guide them in making the translation of cultural expressions in literary works, especially novel.

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76 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

Based on the result of the study dealing with the analysis of the types of cultural expressions and the translation procedures used in both the original and the Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor novel, there are some main points that can be considered as the conclusions of the study, they are:

1. Based on the 117 cultural words and phrases which have been collected and analyzed, it was found that the fifth types of cultural expressions proposed by Newmark were realized in the novel with the number of 50 items (42,74%) for material culture, 27 items (23,08%) for ecology, 22 items (18,80%) for organizations, customs, activities, procedures, and concepts, 17 items (14,53%) for social culture, and 1 item (0,85%) for gestures and habits.

2. Based on the 117 cultural words and phrases which have been collected and analyzed, it was found that from the 18 translations procedures proposed by Newmark, there were only 10 of them which were applied to translate the cultural words and phrases from English into Indonesian, they are 58 items (49,57%) for transference, 21 items (17, 95%) for expansion, 9 items (7,69%) for through-translation, 8 items (6,84%) for couplets, 7 items (5,98%) for naturalisation, 6 items (5,13%) for cultural equivalent, with the

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4 items (3,42%) functional equivalent, 2 items (1,71%) for synonymy, 1 item (0,85%) for componential analysis,and 1 items (0,85%) for paraphrase. B. Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, some suggestions are given as following: 1. The students of English Department are expected to explore and learn more

about the role of culture in translation studies to broaden their insight. 2. The translators that focus on translating literary works are expected to learn

and have deeper understanding about the role of culture and the translation procedures used to translate cultural aspects in order that they can produce the better quality of translated literary works.

3. The other researcher is expected to conduct further studies about the role of culture in translation studies as the contribution to the education field and as the reference to the ones who want to learn more about translation concept.

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REFERENCES

Ary, D, Jacobs, L.C, Razavieh, A. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. New York : Belmont, CA Wadsworth.

Bassnett-McGuire, S. 1980. Translation Studies. London and New York: Methuen Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory on Translation. London: Oxford

University Press.

Hornby, A. S. & Crowther, J. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

House, J. 2009. Translation. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Koentjaraningrat. 1992. Beberapa Pokok Antropologi Sosial. Jakarta: Dian

Rakyat.

Larson, M. L. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. New York : University Press of America and Summer Institute of Linguistics

Leppihalme, R. 1997. Culture Bumps. Clevedon: Multilingul Matters. Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall. Nida, E.A. 1964. Toward a Science of Translating . Leiden: E.J. Brill.

2001. Context in Translating. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

and C.R.Taber. 1982. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Popovič, A. 1976. A Dictionary for the Analysis of Literary Translation. Department of Comparative Literature, University of Alberta: Edmonton, Alberta.

Saragih, A. 2014. Variations and Functional Varieties of Language. Unimed, Medan (unpablished).

Venuti, L., (ed.). 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge.

Wilss, W. 1982. The science of translation: problems and methods. Tubigen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag.

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Alhumaid, A.A. 2015. The Untranslatability of Islamic and Arabic Cultural Terms. International Journal of Language and Linguistics. 2 (3).

Retrieved November 23rd_, ₂₀₁₅ _from

http://ijllnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_3_September_2015/11.pdf

Hilman, E. H. 2015. The Translation of Indonesian Cultural Lexicons in the Novel Saman. Jurnal Lingua Cultura. 9 (1). Retrieved November 20th 2015 from http://journal.binus.ac.id/index. php/lingua/article/download/76 3/740

Ndruru, A and Silalahi, R. 2013. Terjemahan Istilah Budaya dalam Novel Negeri 5 Menara ke dalam Bahasa Inggris The Land Of Five Tower. Kajian Linguistik. 10 (1), 1-16. Retrieved November 20th_{, 2015 from} http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/45151/1/Ndruru,%20Apra isman.pdf

Pahlavani, S.D, Bateni, B, and Hosseini, H.S. 2014. Translatability and Untranslatability of Collocations in Ernest Hemingway’s Novels. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 3 (4), 1195-1206. Retrieved November 20th_, ₂₀₁₅ _from _{http://european-} science.com/eojnss/article/viewFile/1381/pdf

Pokasamrit, P. 2013. An Analysis of Cultural Substitution in English to Thai Translation. Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts. 13 (1).

Retrieved November 20rd, 2015 from

http://www.journal.su.ac.th/index.php/suij/article/view/331/346

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2005. Cultural Expressions. Retrieved November 23rd_, ₂₀₁₅ _from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/cultural-diversity/cultural-expressions/the-convention/glossary/

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B. The Problems of the Study

The problems of the study were formulated in the following questions:

1. What types of the cultural expressions were found in the original and Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor?

2. What translation procedures were used to translate the cultural expressions into the Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor?

C. The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problem of the study as stated above, the objectives of the study are:

1. To find out the types of the cultural expressions found in the original and Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor

2. To find out and describe the translation procedures used to transfer the cultural expressions into the Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor.

D. The Scope of the Study

To avoid an overlapping and misleading discussion, the study would be focused on analyzing the cultural expressions found in the original and the Indonesian version of The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor.

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E. The Significance of the Study

1. The translators may use this study as a reference to them in translating the English novel into the Indonesian version, so that they can produce the better quality of Indonesian literary works.

2. The students and readers can use the study as a guidance to learn about the translation of cultural expressions in literary works, especially translated novel.

3. The other reseachers can use the study as one of the relevant studies and guide them in making the translation of cultural expressions in literary works, especially novel.

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76 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

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4 items (3,42%) functional equivalent, 2 items (1,71%) for synonymy, 1 item (0,85%) for componential analysis,and 1 items (0,85%) for paraphrase. B. Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, some suggestions are given as following: 1. The students of English Department are expected to explore and learn more

about the role of culture in translation studies to broaden their insight. 2. The translators that focus on translating literary works are expected to learn

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Bassnett-McGuire, S. 1980. Translation Studies. London and New York: Methuen Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory on Translation. London: Oxford

University Press.

Hornby, A. S. & Crowther, J. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

House, J. 2009. Translation. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Koentjaraningrat. 1992. Beberapa Pokok Antropologi Sosial. Jakarta: Dian

Rakyat.

Larson, M. L. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. New York : University Press of America and Summer Institute of Linguistics

Leppihalme, R. 1997. Culture Bumps. Clevedon: Multilingul Matters. Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall. Nida, E.A. 1964. Toward a Science of Translating . Leiden: E.J. Brill.

2001. Context in Translating. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

and C.R.Taber. 1982. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Popovič, A. 1976. A Dictionary for the Analysis of Literary Translation. Department of Comparative Literature, University of Alberta: Edmonton, Alberta.

Saragih, A. 2014. Variations and Functional Varieties of Language. Unimed, Medan (unpablished).

Venuti, L., (ed.). 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge.

Wilss, W. 1982. The science of translation: problems and methods. Tubigen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag.

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Alhumaid, A.A. 2015. The Untranslatability of Islamic and Arabic Cultural Terms. International Journal of Language and Linguistics. 2 (3).

Retrieved November 23rd_, ₂₀₁₅ _from

http://ijllnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_3_September_2015/11.pdf

Hilman, E. H. 2015. The Translation of Indonesian Cultural Lexicons in the Novel Saman. Jurnal Lingua Cultura. 9 (1). Retrieved November 20th 2015 from http://journal.binus.ac.id/index. php/lingua/article/download/76 3/740

Ndruru, A and Silalahi, R. 2013. Terjemahan Istilah Budaya dalam Novel Negeri 5 Menara ke dalam Bahasa Inggris The Land Of Five Tower. Kajian Linguistik. 10 (1), 1-16. Retrieved November 20th_{, 2015 from} http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/45151/1/Ndruru,%20Apra isman.pdf

Pahlavani, S.D, Bateni, B, and Hosseini, H.S. 2014. Translatability and Untranslatability of Collocations in Ernest Hemingway’s Novels. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 3 (4), 1195-1206. Retrieved November 20th_, ₂₀₁₅ _from _{http://european-} science.com/eojnss/article/viewFile/1381/pdf

Pokasamrit, P. 2013. An Analysis of Cultural Substitution in English to Thai Translation. Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts. 13 (1).

Retrieved November 20rd, 2015 from

http://www.journal.su.ac.th/index.php/suij/article/view/331/346

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2005. Cultural Expressions. Retrieved November 23rd_, ₂₀₁₅ _from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/cultural-diversity/cultural-expressions/the-convention/glossary/

THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS IN THE INDONESIAN VERSION OF ROBERT KIRKMAN’S THE WALKING DEAD: RISE OF THE GOVERNOR.