70355-0-8. ITBS – University of Angers France; Udayana University; Bali State Polytecnic; Sahid Institute
Jakarta, pp.260-272
2 Proceeding Tourism In Indonesia
When viewed from the movement of tourists to Bali in the period of 1969 to 2009, it has implications on
the development of Bali. Until the year 2009, the amount of accommodation available in Bali was as many as 2,175
units, with the number of rooms as many as 46 014 rooms, which includes star hotels, budget hotels, and cottage. The
number of restaurants available was 1,693 units with 82. 663 seats, while the number of travel agents was as many
as 635 units. The number of tour guides 14 foreign languages was 8812 persons. In addition, Bali also has
270 tourist attractions, and the number of water tourism business is as much as 188 units [3]. The abundant number
of business tourism industry, also has implications for the development of other sectors, such as supermarkets,
housing, and other services. Various developments are carried out as an effort to meet the tourism sector, so its
implementation also results in positive and negative impacts. The rapid development of tourism in Bali and the
implication would be a dilemma to find a format of sustainable tourism in Bali. This section is interesting to be
used to explore how is the development of sustainable tourism in Bali? What kind of sustainable development in
accordance with Bali?
2. SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
The World Tourism and Travel Council WTTC together with the World Tourism Organization WTO and the
Earth Council implement the concept of sustainable tourism in the Agenda 21 for Travel and Tourism Industry.
The document states that sustainable tourism is: Tourism that meets the needs of tourists and the region which is
visited by tourists at this time, while protecting and enhancing opportunities in the future. The development
of the concept of sustainable development is not as simple and linear as those presented above [4], [5].
As described on the above principles, it is indeed very difficult to be implemented. Sustainable development
in the context of tourism has been defined as: Tourism which is development and maintained in an area
community, environment in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and
does not degrade or alter the environment human and physical in which it exist to such a degree that it prohibits
the successful development and wellbeing of other activities and processes [6]. This was the dominant
dilemma addressed by the Brundtland Commission, which indicated that sustainable development should, as a
minimum, address the following elements: a Maintenance of ecological wholeness and diversity. b The fulfillment
of basic human needs. c Keep giving open choices to the future generations. d Reducing inequities, and e
Increased independence [7], [8]. Further, it has three key elements which must be considered in the development of
tourism, namely: a. Quality of the experience customers b. Quality of the resources cultural and natural
environment c. Quality of life for the people [9], [10], [11].
The concept of sustainability is closely related to the management of the natural environment, economy, and
social cultural [8];[12]. The goal of sustainability brings many meanings such as income redistribution, ecosystem
maintenance, quality of life, the system of natural and human environment, and the redistribution of power. Its
benefit are maximizing in order to meet the need of the present generation while protecting and enhancing
opportunities for future generations [13]. All of these bring different implications and the different management. The
idea of sustainable development simultaneously and sporadically been addressed early on by various parties
related to tourism in various parts of the world.
According to Dryzek [14], sustainability is viewed from the aspect of ecological rationality policy. Without a
good ecological functions within an ecosystem that human life may not be able to run properly. This opinion is based
on several cases in North America, in which its tourism much depends on the nature, such as national parks, forests
and other wildlife. The development of eco-tourism in this country, has lots of negative impact on the natural
ecosystem changes, so it becomes a new problem when it is promoted, and the poor natural resource management.
Furthermore, the findings of McCool, Moisey, and Nickerson [15]. in a study in Montana, found that the issue
of sustainability as a goal in the development of tourism. Thus, sustainability is defined broadly, and it is as the
goal, not the recreational provider. This study tried to describe sustainability with clear indicators. The indicator
used was 20 and used to measure the things that must be maintained. Viewed from the tourism industry approach,
noted that of the 20 indicators that need to be maintained, only 4 main indicators, namely the natural and cultural
heritage, community economic stability, quality of life, and natural uniqueness.
The paradox of sustainable development is shown by the paper of Hall [16], entitled Sustainable Tourism
Development and Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe. The process of sustainable tourism development
in Europe cannot be easily implemented. This reflection
suggests that after the communists’ era in Europe, it is impossible to implement sustainable tourism. Each country
has its own characteristics, goals and priorities. The economic policy that emphasizes the growth of capitalism
becomes a big challenge. Political interests and the market are still very strong. The pattern of top-down and
centralized planning making the economic policy more dominant. Although it is recognized that sustainable
tourism can be implemented with the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, as well as increased
community participation.
This is in line with the concept of Hardy, Beeton, and Pearson [1], that the emphasis of sustainable tourism
applied in industry is more on the impact of the economic aspects and environmental conservation, while the role of
the community is still lacking, although already entered explicitly in the economic dimension. These findings
recommend the role of the local people as the main actors
70355-0-8. ITBS – University of Angers France; Udayana University; Bali State Polytecnic; Sahid Institute
Jakarta, pp.260-272
3 Proceeding Tourism In Indonesia
remain a priority, so that it increases the sustainability of the tourism development in the aspects of economic,
natural and cultural environment as well as social participation [17].
It can be observed in the above principle that the principle of sustainability development strategy has been
adopted in Bali since 1995 that includes human, cultural, environmental, economic as well as social sustainability.
These five pillars are an extension of the concept of sustainability of the Earth Summit 2002 in Johannesburg
which only includes economic, social and environmental aspects. The cultural aspect is not included explicitly, but
implicitly included in the social aspect. Given the important role of culture in development, especially in the
context of the Bali development, which is based on the cultural tourism. Djajadiningrat adds one more aspect
namely humanity human sustainability [2]. According to him, one that should be sustainable is the future.
Development which only includes economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects, is just a tool to seize
the future. Based on these principles, the concept of sustainable future was offered, in which includes five
dimensions as a basis for the development of tourism in Bali.
Based on
the above
description, the
reconstruction needs to be done on several indicators, which in essence became increasingly widened from the
initial concept. Actually, of the three aspects that have been offered by the WTO in 2002 already covers of all
elements of sustainable tourism development. The important thing is to find the common ground of each slice
that in fact interrelated. Bali as an international destination in the world in order to realize the sustainability of tourism
needs three elements that play an important role, namely the local communities, the government, and the private
sector. The three elements are driven by humans as the main actors in each distinct element which includes the
level of knowledge and their interests. Therefore, the understanding and the equalization effort of indicators are
very important for the actors human human sustainability who are in that position. All three must be
synergized in determining the meaning of sustainability that will be created. The relationship between maintaining
the integrity of the environment, community and culture, as well as tourism industry for the people of Bali,
however, remains problematic. The first question that arises in this connection is the competition in order to
achieve the objectives of the interests of each individual, group or region. However, it should be realized that Bali
must have the courage to encourage the development of sustainable tourism by improving the quality of life of its
people, protect and maintain the natural and cultural resources with the regulations. Everything is fully
supported by the tourism sector as an economic powerhouse 15].These conditions can be illustrated in
Figure 1
Figure 1. Scheme of sustainable tourism in Bali
Resources management
Sustain able
Ajeg bali
Nature Tourism
Opportunity Business
Private Sector
ECONOMY
Local Community
SOCIOCULTURE
Government
NATURE
economic and cultural
sustainability Sustainability and
natural and social proctection
Economic sustainability and environmental protection
70355-0-8. ITBS – University of Angers France; Udayana University; Bali State Polytecnic; Sahid Institute
Jakarta, pp.260-272
260 Proceeding Tourism In Indonesia
3. DISCUSSION
