b. Character as seen by another
The character is described through the eyes and opinions of another character in the story. Thus, the reader gets a reflected image of the character Murphy, 1972:
162. c.
Speech The author describes and give us insight into the character through what she
or he says. The readers then can understand the characteristic of the character when she or he speaks in the conversation with another Murphy, 1972: 164.
d. Past life
By letting the reader learn something about the character’s past life, the author may give a clue to events that have helped shape the characterization of the
character. It is described by the person’s thought or the conversation and meeting with another person Murphy, 1972: 166.
e. Conversation of others
The author can also describe the character of a person through the conversations of other people Murphy, 1972: 167.
f. Reactions
Thsse author describes the character by letting the readers know how that person reacts to various situations and events Murphy, 1972: 168.
g. Direct comment
The author can describe or comment o n a person’s character directly Murphy,
1972: 170.
h. Thoughts
The author gives direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about Murphy, 1972: 171.
i. Mannerisms
The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell the readers about the character Murphy, 1972: 173.
The theory of character and characterization are needed to get a deeper analysis on Tsukuru’s personality. In this study, the writer only uses several ways
which are suitable to analyze the main character in the novel. In addition, the author does not use all of the ways to characterize the main character. So it is still possible
that the writer only uses several ways to analyze the main character’s
characteristics.
2. Theory of Personality Development
Literature is a part of art which is the form of any written work. While psychology is a scientific study of human behavior. Psychology studies about
human’s mental condition, behavior and many more in scientifically. However, lite
rature is an expression of human life from another person’s point of view or the author. In literature, the readers could also study human’s
behavior from the characters in the story. Wellek and Warren define the psychology of literature as the psychological study of the writer as a type of individual, or the
study of the psychological types and laws presented within works of literature, or finally, the effects of literature upon its reader Wellek and Warren 1956: 81.
Since characters must be accepted as believable person Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 20, then they can be anlyzed through the perspective of psychology.
The characters are considered as a human being that exist in a literary work, hisher personality can b
e analyzed through psychology as it deals with human’s psyche. Therefore, the psychological theory can be used in this study to help the writer in
analyzing the personality of the characters in the story. Every person has their own personality. It is indeed that a person may have a
different personality from the others. Allport in Hurlock’s book defines personality
as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought 1974: 7. It means that the
personality of a person can determine the characteristic behavior and thought. Someone’s personality pattern is not inherited since birth. The personality may
develop as a person experiences many things throughout his or her life. As Hurlock explains, the personality pattern is “the product of learning during the course of
prolonged social relationships with people both within and outside the home” Hurlock, 1974: 19.
According to Hurlock, there are three major factors that determin e someone’s
personality development . “First, the individual’s hereditary endowment; second,
early experiences within the family; and third, important events in later life outside the home environment” Hurlock, 1974: 19. Hereditary is the first factor that can
determine someone’s personality. There are some features such as physique, intelligence and temprament which are the result of heredity.
On the other hand, the family also plays a big role in determining someone’s personality. As Rainwater explains
in Hurlock’s book, “personality is formed from the interaction of signicifant figures first, the mother, later the father and siblings,
later extrafamilial firgues with the child” Hurlock, 1974: 19. It shows that before someone socialize with other people outside home, his personality is shaped by his
or her family interaction. Lastly, when a person interacts with the people outside home, it is also shaped his or her personality. It may cause someone’s personality
develops. Based on the explanation above, it means that the personality of someone develops as it is also influenced by the experience the environment where heshe
lives. In her book, Hurlock explains that it is a common thing for a person who is
not satisfied with his or her personality. After that, when a person dislikes one of the personality then he or she will try to change or improve the personality patterns.
According to Hurlock, changes in personality pattern were devided into three major categories Hurlock, 1974: 120-122:
a. Better versus worse
This personality change depends on the situation or condition of someone’s life.
“Personality changes for the better or for the worse reflect the kind of life adjustments the individual is making at the time
” Hurlock, 1974: 120. It means that if someone could adapt and adjust in life situation, heshe can change the
personality into the better one. Otherwise, the personality can also get worse if heshe could not adapt or adjust in life situation.
