✝ ✝ ✝ ✞
✟ ✠✡
ODE PENELITIAN
A. Tipe Penelitian
☛☞✌ ✍✎ ✍✏ ✑✒✓✔✎
200
✕✖ ✗✘
✙✒✌ ✚ ✛✔✜✒ ✢✣ ✍ ✛
✛☞✌✚ ✒✌ ✤☞✌☞ ✥
✔✏✔✒✌ ✛
☞✣ ✢ ✎ ✔ ✤
✏✔ ✦ ✒ ✛✒ ✥
✒ ✧ ✣ ✍✒✏ ✍
✤ ☞✌ ☞ ✥
✔✏✔✒✌ ✙✒✌ ✚
★ ☞✎✏ ✍✩✍✒✌ ✍
✌ ✏ ✍✢ ✜ ☞✜★
✍ ✒✏
✛ ☞✣ ✢✎✔ ✤
✣ ✔
,
✚✒✜ ★✒✎ ✒✌ ✒✏✒ ✍
✥✍✢✔✣ ✒✌
✣ ☞ ✪ ✒✎ ✒
✣ ✔✣ ✏☞✜ ✒✏✔✣ ✫
✦✒ ✢ ✏ ✍✒ ✥
✛ ✒✌
✒ ✢ ✍✎✒✏ ✜ ☞✌ ✚☞✌ ✒✔
✦ ✒ ✢✏✒
-
✦ ✒ ✢✏✒
,
✣ ✔ ✦✒✏
-
✣ ✔ ✦ ✒✏
✣ ☞✎ ✏✒
✧✍★ ✍✌✚ ✒✌ ✒✌ ✏✒✎
✦ ☞✌
✬ ✜ ☞✌✒
✙✒✌ ✚ ✛
✔✣ ☞ ✥ ✔ ✛
✔ ✢✔
.
✭ ☞✎ ✛
✒✣ ✒✎ ✢✒✌ ✤☞✌ ✛✒ ✤✒✏
✏☞✎✣ ☞★ ✍✏
,
✜ ✒ ✢ ✒
✤ ☞✌ ☞ ✥
✔✏✔✒✌ ✛
☞✣ ✢✎✔ ✤ ✏✔ ✦
✒ ✛✒ ✥ ✒ ✧
✤☞✌ ☞ ✥ ✔✏✔✒✌
✙✒✌ ✚ ★ ☞✎✏ ✍ ✩✍
✒✌ ✍✌✏ ✍ ✢
✜☞✌ ✚✚ ✒✜★ ✒✎ ✢ ✒✌
✒✏✒ ✍ ✜☞✌
✛ ☞✣ ✢
✎ ✔ ✤ ✣ ✔ ✢
✒✌ ✣
☞ ✪ ✒✎ ✒
✏☞✎ ✤☞✎✔✌ ✪
✔ ★ ✒✚✒✔✜ ✒✌✒
✣ ✔ ✦ ✒✏
✣ ☞✎✏✒ ✧✍★ ✍✌✚ ✒✌
✒✌ ✏✒✎✒ ✦
☞✌ ✬
✜☞✌✒ ✣
✬ ✣ ✔✒ ✥
✏☞✎✏☞✌ ✏✍✮ ✯✔ ✛
✒ ✢ ✏☞✎ ✥
☞ ✤✒✣ ✛✒✎✔
✤ ✬
✢ ✬
✢ ✤
☞✎ ✜✒✣ ✒ ✥ ✒ ✧
✒✌ ✛✒ ✥
✒✜ ✤☞✌☞ ✥
✔✏✔✒✌ ✫ ✜ ✒ ✢
✒ ✏ ✍✩✍✒✌
✛ ✔ ✥
✒ ✢ ✍✢✒✌✌ ✙✒ ✤☞✌☞ ✥
✔✏✔✒✌ ✛
☞✣ ✢✎✔ ✤✣ ✔
✔✌✔ ✒ ✛
✒ ✥ ✒ ✧
✍✌✏ ✍ ✢ ✜☞✌
✛ ☞✣ ✢
✎ ✔✤✣ ✔ ✢ ✒✌
★ ✒✚✒✔✜ ✒✌✒ ☞ ✦
☞ ✢
✏✔ ✰✔✏✒✣ ✭
✒ ✛✒✌ ✱☞ ✤
☞ ✚✒✲✒✔✒✌ ✳
✒☞✎✒ ✧ ✛✒ ✥
✒✜ ✴
☞✌ ☞✜ ✤✒✏✒✌ ✴
☞✚✒✲✒✔ ✑☞✚ ☞✎✔
✵ ✔ ✤
✔ ✥ ✛
✔ ✶
✔✌ ✚ ✢✍✌ ✚✒✌ ✵
☞ ✢ ✎ ☞✏✒✎✔✒✏
✳ ✒☞✎✒ ✧
✴ ✎
✬ ✰
✔✌ ✣ ✔
✶ ✒✜ ✤ ✍
✌ ✚
.
B. Pendekatan Penelitian
✴ ☞✌☞ ✥
✔✏✔✒✌ ✔✌✔
✜☞✜✔ ✥ ✔ ✢✔
✏ ✍✩✍✒✌ ✍✌✏ ✍ ✢
✜ ☞✌✚ ✒✌✒ ✥ ✔✣ ✔✣
✛✒✌ ✜ ☞✌✚ ✚✒✜★ ✒✎
✢ ✒✌
✜☞✌ ✚☞✌ ✒✔ ☞ ✦
☞ ✢ ✏✔ ✰✔✏✒✣
✭ ✒ ✛✒✌
✱☞ ✤☞✚✒ ✲✒✔✒✌ ✳
✒☞✎ ✒ ✧ ✛✒ ✥
✒✜ ✴
☞✌ ☞✜ ✤✒✏✒✌ ✴
☞✚ ✒✲✒✔ ✑☞✚☞✎✔
✵ ✔ ✤✔ ✥
✛ ✔
✶ ✔✌ ✚ ✢✍✌ ✚✒✌
✵ ☞ ✢✎☞✏✒✎ ✔✒✏
✳ ✒ ☞✎✒ ✧
✴ ✎
✬ ✰✔✌✣ ✔
✶ ✒✜ ✤ ✍
✌ ✚
,
✣ ☞ ✧ ✔ ✌✚ ✚✒
✏☞✎✚ ✬
✥ ✬
✌ ✚ ✤✒ ✛✒
✤ ☞✌ ☞ ✥
✔✏✔✒✌ ✛
☞✌ ✚✒✌ ✜☞✌ ✚ ✚ ✍
✌ ✒ ✢✒✌ ✤☞✌
✛ ☞ ✢✒✏✒✌
✢ ✍ ✒ ✥
✔✏✒✏✔ ✦
.
✷
✸✹✺ ✻✼ ✻✽ ✾ ✿❀ ❁❂✺
❁❂✺ ❃❂❄❅ ✿
✼
200
❆ ❇✹✺
❁ ✹ ❈❉
✺ ❉
❊ ❉ ❋❂✺
❋ ✻❂❅ ❉ ✽❂✽ ❉❈
❂ ❁ ❂❅❂ ●
❊ ✹❍❂ ❀❂ ❉ ■
✼ ✿
❊ ✹ ❁✻✼ ■
✹✺ ✹❅ ❉ ✽ ❉
❂✺ ❄❂✺ ❀
❇✹✺ ❀ ●❂❊ ❉ ❅❋❂✺
❁ ❂✽❂
❁✹❊ ❋✼ ❉ ■
✽ ❉❈ ❍ ✹✼ ✻
■ ❂
❋ ❂✽❂
-
❋❂✽❂ ✽ ✻
❅ ❉ ❊ ❂✺ ❏
❅ ❉ ❊ ❂✺
❁ ❂✼ ❉
✿✼❂✺ ❀ ❅❂ ❉
✺ ❏
■ ✹✼
❉ ❅❂❋ ✻
❄❂✺ ❀ ❁❂
■ ❂✽
❁ ❉ ❂❇❂✽ ❉
.
❑✹✺✹❅ ❉ ✽ ❉
❂✺ ❋
✻ ❂❅ ❉
✽❂✽ ❉❈ ❇✹✼ ✻
■ ❂❋ ❂✺
■ ✹✺✹❅ ❉
✽ ❉ ❂✺
❄❂✺❀ ❍ ✹✼ ✻❊ ❂ ●
❂ ❇ ✹❅ ❉●
❂✽ ❋✹❍ ✹✺❂✼ ❂✺
-
❋ ✹❍✹✺ ❂✼❂✺ ❂✽❂ ✻
❇✹❇ ❍✹✺ ❂✼❋❂✺ ❋✹❍ ✹✺❂ ✼❂✺
,
✺❂❇ ✻
✺ ❁ ❉
❁❂❅❂❇ ❇ ✹❅ ❉●
❂✽ ❋ ✹❍✹✺ ❂✼❂✺
✽✹✼❊ ✹❍ ✻✽
,
✽ ❉❁ ❂❋
❊ ✹❅❂❅ ✻
❁ ❂
■ ❂✽
❁❂✺ ▲
✻❋ ✻ ■
❁ ❉ ❁❂
■ ❂✽
❁✹✺❀ ❂✺ ❇✹❅ ❉●❂✽
❊ ✹❊ ✻❂✽ ✻ ❄❂✺ ❀
✺❄❂✽ ❂
,
❂❋❂✺ ✽ ✹✽❂
■ ❉
❋❂ ❁❂✺❀ ❋❂❅❂ ■
✹✼❅ ✻ ■
✻❅❂ ❇✹❅ ❉●
❂✽ ❊ ✹❊ ✻
❂✽ ✻ ❄❂✺ ❀
❍✹ ✼❊ ❉❈ ❂✽
✽✹✼❊ ✹❇❍ ✻
✺ ❄ ❉
,
❁❂✺ ●❂✼ ✻❊
❇✹❅❂ ▲
❂❋ ✺ ❄❂ ❅✹❍
❉● ▼
❂ ✻ ● ❋✹
❍❂❅ ❉ ❋
❊ ✹❊ ✻❂✽ ✻
❄❂✺ ❀ ✺ ❄❂✽❂
✽✹✼ ❊ ✹❍
✻ ✽
.
C. Fokus Penelitian
◆ ✿ ❋
✻ ❊
❁ ❂❅❂❇
■ ✹✺ ✹❅ ❉
✽ ❉ ❂✺
❉ ✺ ❉
❂ ❁❂❅❂ ● ❂❋ ✻✺✽❂❍
❉ ❅ ❉
✽❂❊ ✹ ❈
✹❋✽ ❉❖ ❉ ✽❂❊
✾ ❂ ❁ ❂✺
P ✹
■ ✹❀ ❂
◗ ❂ ❉
❂✺ ❘
❂✹✼❂ ● ❁❂❅❂❇
❑✹✺✹❇ ■
❂✽❂✺ ❑✹❀❂
◗ ❂ ❉
❙ ✹❀✹✼
❉ ❚
❉ ■
❉ ❅
❁ ❉ ❯
❉ ✺ ❀❋
✻ ✺ ❀❂✺
❚ ✹❋✼✹✽❂✼
❉ ❂✽
❘ ❂✹✼ ❂ ●
❑✼ ✿❖ ❉
✺❊ ❉ ❯
❂❇ ■
✻✺❀ ✽✹✼ ❁ ❉
✼ ❉ ❁
❂✼ ❉❱
1.
❚ ✹❅✹❋ ❊ ❉
,
❲ ✺ ❁ ❉
❋❂✽ ✿✼✺ ❄❂ ❂
.
❚ ✹❅✹❋❊ ❉
❳ ❁❇ ❉
✺ ❉
❊ ✽✼❂❊ ❉
❍ ❨ ❲
✺✽✹❀ ✼ ❉ ✽❂❊
▲
.
❩ ❊ ❉
❂ ❁
❂✺ ✸❂❊ ❂
❑✹✺ ❀❂❍ ❁❉❂✺
2.
❑✹✺ ✹✽❂ ■
❂✺ ❬ ❲
✺ ❁❉
❋ ❂✽ ✿✼✺ ❄❂ ❂
.
❑✼ ✿❈✹❊ ❉✿✺❂❅ ❍ ❨
P ✿
❇ ■
✹✽✹✺ ❊ ❉
◆❂❋✽ ✿✼
-
❈ ❂❋ ✽✿✼
❄❂✺❀ ❇✹✺
■ ✹✺❀ ❂✼ ✻● ❉
❁ ❂❅❂❇
■ ✼ ✿❊ ✹❊
✼ ✹❋✼ ✻❉
✽❇✹✺ ❭
❑ ❙❚
❁❉ ❑✼ ✿❖ ❉
✺❊ ❉ ❯
❂❇ ■
✻✺❀
.
◆ ❂❋ ✽ ✿
✼ ❲
✺ ✽✹✼✺ ❂❅ ❂ ❁❂❅❂ ●
❈ ❂❋✽ ✿✼
-
❈ ❂❋ ✽ ✿
✼ ❄❂✺ ❀
❍✹✼ ❂❊ ❂❅ ❁
❂✼ ❉
❁ ❂❅ ❂❇
❪❫❴❵❛ ❫ ❅ ❉
✺❀ ❋ ✻ ■
✾ P❘
❑✼ ✿ ❖❉ ✺ ❊ ❉
❯ ❂❇
■ ✻
✺ ❀ ❄❂✺ ❀
❇ ✹✺ ■
✹✺ ❀❂✼ ✻ ●❉ ■
✹✼ ❂✺✺ ❄❂ ❁
❂❅❂❇ ■
✹✺✹❇ ■
❂✽❂✺ ❑✹❀ ❂
◗ ❂ ❉
❙ ✹❀ ✹✼ ❉
❚ ❉
■ ❉
❅
.
❜
❝❞❡ ❢❣❤✐❥ ❦ ❧ ❣❧ ❦❤ ❞
♠ ❤
.
♥ ❥ ✐ ❢
♦ ❤
♣ ❢
,
❤❡❤ q
❤ r
♣ st
❤ ✉
❤ ❢ ♣
❧ ❤✐❧ ✈s
❦ ❧
t ❤
r ❤ ❞
✐ s
❞ ❤
✉ ❤
✇ ❤ ❞
✉ ❡
❢ ✐
❤ ❞❡❤ ❢ ❥
q s r
❡❥ ❦
❥ ❞
✉ ❤ ❞
s ①
s ❣
✐ ❢① ❡❤ ❞
❦ s
❤ ❣
♣ ❢
-
❦ s
❤❣ ♣
❢ ✈
s ❞ ②
❤ ✈
❤ ❢ ❤ ❞
✐❧ ③ ❧ ❤ ❞④
t ④
⑤ s
❦ ❤ ❞
❣ s q
s ⑥t ❤
✉ ❤❤ ❞
⑥s ❦
❧ ✈
❤ ❣❤ ❞ ✐ ❢❞
✉ ❣
❤ r
q ❤ ❣
❧ ✇
❤ ❞ ✉
❡ ❢ r
❤ ❦ ❤
✈ ❣
❤ ❞ ❡❤ ❦ ❢
❥ ❦
❤ ❞ ✉
✇ ❤ ❞
✉ ⑥s ⑥
❢ q
❢❣ ❢ ❣
s ❡❧ ❡❧
❣ ❤ ❞
❤✐❤❧ ♣
✐❤✐❧ ♣
④
⑦ ❤❣✐❥ ❦
⑧❣ ♣
✐ s
❦❞❤ q
❤❡ ❤ q
❤ r
① ❤ ❣
✐❥ ❦
-
① ❤ ❣✐
❥ ❦
✇ ❤ ❞
✉ ts
❦❤ ♣
❤ q
❡ ❤ ❦❢ q
❧ ❤ ❦ ⑨⑩❶ ❷⑨❸ ❹
✇ ❤ ❞
✉ ⑥
s ⑥ ✈ s
❞ ✉
❤ ❦ ❧
r ❢
✈ ❦
❥ ♣
s ♣ ✈s
❞ s ⑥✈
❤✐❤ ❞ ⑤
s✉ ❤
❺ ❤ ❢
❻s✉s ❦❢
❼ ❢
✈ ❢
q ⑥
s q ❤
q ❧ ❢
✈s ❦
❤ ❞ ❽ ❾❿
⑤ ❦
❥ ♦
❢❞ ♣
❢ ➀
❤ ⑥ ✈
❧ ❞
✉
.
❝❞❡ ❢❣❤✐❥ ❦ ❧ ❣❧ ❦
❤ ❞ ♠
❤
.
➁s ❣
❤ ❞❤❞ ➂
❢❞ ✐
s ❦
♦s ❞
♣ ❢
❤❡❤ q
❤ r
② ❤
⑥ ✈ ❧
❦ ✐❤ ❞
✉ ❤ ❞
✇ ❤ ❞
✉ t s
❦ q
st ❢
r ❤ ❞
❡ ❤ q
❤ ⑥
❧ ❦❧ ♣
❤ ❞ ♣
❥ ♣
❢ ❤
q
,
✈ ❥
q ❢
✐ ❢❣➃ s
❣ ❥
❞ ❥
⑥ ❢
❡❤ ❞ t
❧❡ ❤ ✇
❤
.
t ④
⑤ s
❞ ✉
❤ ❺
❤ ♣
❤ ❞ ❤❡ ❤
q ❤
r ♣
s✉ ❤
q ❤
❧ ♣
❤ r
❤ ❤✐❤❧
❣ s✉
❢ ❤✐❤ ❞
❧ ❞
✐❧ ❣
⑥ s
❞ ✉s
✐❤ r
❧ ❢
❡ ❤ ❞ ⑥s
❞❢ q
❤ ❢ ❣
s ❞
✇ ❤✐❤❤ ❞
✇ ❤ ❞
✉ ♣
sts ❞❤ ❦❞
✇ ❤
⑥ s
❞ ✉s
❞❤ ❢ ✈
s q ❤ ❣
♣ ❤ ❞❤❤ ❞
✐❧ ✉
❤ ♣
❤✐❤❧ ❣
s✉ ❢
❤✐❤ ❞ ❤
✈ ❤ ❣
❤ r
♣ s ♣
❧ ❤ ❢ ❡
s ❞
✉ ❤ ❞
♣ s ⑥s ♣
✐ ❢❞ ✇
❤ ❤✐❤❧
✐ ❢ ❡❤ ❣ ④
D. Sumber Data
♥ s
❞ ❧
❦ ❧ ✐
➀❥ ①
✐ q
❤ ❞❡ ❡❤ ❞
➀ ❥ ① ✐
q ❤ ❞❡
2004
♠
4
➄ ♣
❧ ⑥ts
❦ ❡❤✐❤
❧ ✐ ❤
⑥ ❤
✈ ❤❡ ❤
✈s ❞
s q ❢
✐ ❢ ❤ ❞
❣ ❧ ❤
q ❢
✐❤✐ ❢① ❢
❤ q
❤ r
❣ ❤✐❤
-
❣ ❤✐❤
❡❤ ❞ ✐ ❢❞
❡ ❤ ❣ ❤ ❞ ➃
♣ s q
st ❢
r ❞
✇ ❤
❤❡ ❤ q
❤ r
❡ ❤✐❤ ✐❤
⑥t ❤
r ❤ ❞
♣ s ✈s
❦ ✐ ❢
♣ ❧
⑥ t s
❦ ❡ ❤✐❤
✐ s
❦ ✐❧
q ❢
♣ ④
➅ ❡ ❤
✈ ❧
❞ ♣
❧ ⑥
t s ❦
❡ ❤✐❤ ❡ ❤
q ❤
⑥ ✈s
❞ s q
❢ ✐ ❢
❤ ❞ ❢❞❢
❤❡❤ q
❤ r
♠
1.
❿ ❤✐❤
⑤ ❦❢
⑥s ❦
❿ ❤✐❤
✈ ❦❢
⑥s ❦
✇ ❤
❞ ✉
❡ ❢
✉ ❧
❞ ❤ ❣❤ ❞
❤❡❤ q
❤ r
✇ ❤ ❞
✉ t s
❦ ❤
♣ ❤
q ❡❤ ❦❢
r ❤
♣ ❢
q ❺
❤ ❺
❤ ❞ ② ❤ ❦
❤
.
❼ ❧
⑥ts ❦
❡ ❤✐ ❤
❡❤ ✈
❤✐ ❡ ❢
✐❧ q
❢ ♣
❤✐❤❧ ❡
❢❦ s
❣❤ ⑥
.
➁ s
❣ ❞❢❣ ✈s ⑥
❢ q
❢ r
❤ ❞ ❥ ❦
❤ ❞ ✉
✇ ❤ ❞
✉ ❤ ❣❤ ❞
❡ ❢
❺ ❤
❺ ❤ ❞ ②
❤ ❦ ❤ ❢
❡ ❢
q ❤ ❣❧ ❣❤ ❞
♣ s
② ❤ ❦
❤ ➆ ➇
❸ ➆ ➈
❶ ➉➊
⑨
.
➅ q
❤ ♣
❤ ❞ ✈
s ⑥ ❤ ❣
❤ ❢❤ ❞ ✐
s ❣❞ ❢❣
➆ ➇ ❸
➆ ➈ ❶
➉➊ ⑨
❶ ➋ ➌ ➆
➍ ➉
❹➎ ❡ ❢
♣ st
❤ t
❣ ❤ ❞
❥ q
s r t s
❞ ✐❧
❣ ❡❤ ❞
②❢❦❢ ✈
s ❞
s q ❢
✐ ❢ ❤ ❞
❢❞❢ ♣
s ❞❡
❢❦❢ ✇
❤ ❢ ✐❧
❧ ❞✐❧ ❣ ⑥
s ❞❡❤
✈ ❤✐ ❣
❤ ❞ ❢❞①❥ ❦
⑥ ❤
♣ ❢
-
❢❞ ① ❥ ❦
⑥ ❤
♣ ❢
✇ ❤ ❞
✉ ♣
s ♣ ❧ ❤ ❢
❡ s
❞ ✉
❤ ❞ ✐❧ ③
❧ ❤ ❞