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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter discussed relevant theories of the teaching reading skill by using Student Team Achievement Division STAD. It covers the understanding
of reading, the purpose of reading, the problems of reading, the understanding of Cooperative Learning, the objective of Cooperative Learning, the understanding
of STAD, the advantages and disadvantages of STAD, and teaching reading by Using STAD. In addition, it also covers the general concept of Classroom Action
Research CAR, the objective of CAR and Classroom Action Reasearch Design.
A. READING
1. The Understanding of Reading
Reading is one of the basic skills in learning a language. One of the major problems in reading instruction skill is the definition of reading
its elf. The term of “reading” cannot easily be defined because it has many
interpretations. It is apparent that one simple definition will not be sufficient, for that reasons; different people would be described and
defined this term in different ways. That’s because of different purposes, different basic knowledge, and different importance of reading itself.
Nunan stated that “ reading involves processing idea generated by others that are transmitted through language and it involves highly
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complex cognitive processing operations ”.
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It means, generally reading is a complex process of human’s activity. In this sense, Harmer said that
reading is an activity that uses the eyes and the brain in which the eyes has a function to get the message or information and to send the message to
the brain, and then the brain gets the message from the eyes and manage the message.
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In addition, Harmer stated that reading is not a passive skill. Reading is an active occupation. It involves many skills as guessing,
predicting, checking, and asking oneself questions. To do it successfully, we have to understand the words mean, see the pictures the words are
painting, understand the arguments and work out if we agree with them. If readers do not do these things, then reader just scratch the surface of the
text and quickly forget it.
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Therefore, it can be said that reading include many aspects of skills and it is a complex process in getting meaning or in
understanding the message. It is commonly what we call as reading comprehension.
Far ris quoted from Zemelman, Daniels Hyde that, “Reading
means getting meaning from print. The essence of reading is a transaction between the words of an author and the mind of the reader, during which
meaning is constructed. This means that the main goal of reading instruction must be comprehension.”
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According to Lewin who defined “Reading comprehension is a very complex activity. So much occurs inside mind of reader as the eyes
glide over the printed words.”
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It means, to understand the meaning of a
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David Nunan, Second Language Teaching Learning, Boston: Heinle Heinle, 1999, p. 249
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Jeremy Harmer, The Practice of English Language Teaching: New Addition, New York: Longman Publishing, 1991, p. 190
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Jeremy Harmer, How to Teach English: An introduction to the practice of English Language Teaching, Malaysia: Longman, 2004 p. 70
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Pamela J. Farris, Carol J. Fuhler and Maria P. walther, Teaching Reading: A Balanced Approach for Today’s Classrooms, New York: McGraw Hill, 2004, p.324
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Larry Lewin, Paving the Way in Reading and Writing: Strategies and Activities to Support Struggling Students in Grade 6-12, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,p. 2
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text in reading activity, the reader makes interaction among eyes and mind to gain what the author extand.
Meanwhile, Gebhard said that “Reading includes discovering meaning in print and script, within social context, through bottom-up to comprehend
written language, we rely on our ability to recognize words, phrases and sentences and top-down processing as well as on our background knowledge
related to the content of what we are reading, and use of strategies and skill.”
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Ur stated that some assumptions about the nature of reading are: we need to perceive and decode letters in order to read words, we need to
understand all the words in order to understand the meaning of a text, the more symbols letter or words there are in text, the longer it will take to read it, we
gather meaning from what we read, our understanding of a text comes from understanding the words of which it is composed.
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Based on the opinions given by the experts, the writer sums up that the reading is a complex process of human’s activity. As they are reading, they use
their eyes and brain to get the meaning of the author’s message. In addition,
reading is a kind of activities to understand a written language. It is not only how to get meaning of each words or sentences but the important one is how
the reader can get and understand what the author tries to convey through his words. It is a complex process because the readers obviously needed a great
number of skills and integrated their skills in getting meaning or in understanding the message.
2. The Objective of Reading
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