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2.2.2.1 Illocutionary Classification
Peecei 1999: 52, there are five classification of speech act:
1. Representatives
Representatives or assertives; the constatives of the original Austinian performativeconstative dichotomy are those kinds of speech acts that commit the
speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition and thus carry a truth-value. They express the speaker’s belief. In performing this type of speech act, the speaker
represents the world as he or she believes it is, thus making the words fit the world of belief. Paradigmatic cases include:
1. Asserting: to state a fact confidently and forcefully 2. Claiming: to assert that one has gained or achieved and state something without
providing evidence or proof 3. Predicting: to say or estimate that will happen in the future
4. Affirming: to declare a fact publicy and for support, uphold or defend 5. Retelling: to tell again something with another way.
6. Informing: to give somebody about information about something. 7. Concluding: to bring something to and end.
8. Stating: to express something definitely and clearly. 9. Explaining: to make clear to someone by describing more detail and account an
event by giving reason or justification.
Example: • That’s what make America great
asserting • Thats why elections matter
stating
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2. Directives
Directives are those kinds of speech acts that represent attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. They express the speaker’s desire wish
for the addressee to do something. In using a directive, the speaker intends to elicit some future course of action on the part of the addressee, thus making the world
match the words via the addressee. Paradigmatic cases include: 1. Inviting: a friendly request to someone to go somewhere or to do something.
2. Commanding: to make somebody what they must to do 3. Ordering: to tell somebody to do something. Ordering is more polite than
commanding 4. Requesting: to act politely asking for something
5. Suggesting: to put an idea to someone’s mind Example:
• Let me said this publicly requesting
• We can do this for our country ordering
• Go there commanding
3. Commissives
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