including women’s agenda in public sphere. It also includes women’s enrolment in political party and economic businesses.
c. Gender Inequality
The issue of gender inequality has been the main concern of feminism movement. The movement does not only try to diminish the gender inequality
but it also makes sure that women do not experience gender inequality anymore. Firestone in Gamble, 1998: 202 mentions that the origin of gender
inequality is from “the division of society into two distinct biological classes for procreative reproduction.” This statement shows that gender inequality
originates from the social perception to differ men and women which is based on their sex to gain reproductive function. This theory focuses more on the fact
that women are only seen as a means of reproduction while men are the most powerful entity in the reproduction. Moreover, women usually deal with
domestic job like doing housework while men always go outside to be a breadwinner. Hence, gender inequality exists since the condition never allowed
women to interchange the roles with men. Gender inequality exists because there is a hierarchy that places men
higher than women in social, economic, and political area. Gender inequality is not only caused by different access between men and women, norms embedded
in the society also shape the gender inequality UNDP, 2013. Gender inequality is always closely related to social life. Through social life, people
are interacted each other. They make conversation, they do activities together and at the end, they create way of life every day. From this habituation, social
norms are created. The norms determine individual’s behavior that leads to the
role of men and women in the society. Since the role has been habituated in the society, society perceives it as
something common and natural. However, women experience less opportunity and access to maximize their interest compared to men. In traditional
Indonesian society, cooking is the job of women but it is not men’s job. In Saudi Arabia, the ones who are allowed to drive are men while women are
prohibited to do so. Hence, there is imbalance treatment that women get compared to men that is called as gender inequality.
d. Level of Gender Inequality
