Blending Clipping Back Formation Conversion

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4. Blending

O’Grady and Guzman 1996 mention that blending means taking the beginning of a word and joining it to the end of another word. Blending happens when two words in which their non-morphemic components are mixed into one p. 158. Blending is combining two different words with different meanings and put those words as one. This is used in order to form a new meaning and new word. Wagner 2010 proposes some examples of blending such as spork spoon and fork and bromance brother and romance. Those examples show that blending is a process of taking the beginning and the ending of a word together as one unit. Another example of blending is taking both beginning of two words such as cybernetic and organism into cyborg. In addition, there is also a case of blending by combining the whole words and combine it with a part of another word such as guesstimate guess and estimate.

5. Clipping

O’Grady and Guzman 1996, p. 157 explain that clipping is a process where a polysyllabic word is eliminated so that it becomes shorter. Some examples of the clipping process are ‘web’ from website and ‘TV’ from television. Another example of a clipping that has become a part of the general English vocabulary is a noun ‘fax’ from facsimile which means exact copy or reproduction. 22

6. Back Formation

O’Grady and Guzman 1996 explain back formation as a process of making a new word by deleting an actual affix from another word p. 158. Some examples of the back formation process are the singular noun ‘pea’ from the old English plural ‘pease’, the verb ‘burgle’ from the older English noun ‘burglar’ and also the verb ‘diagnose’ from the old English noun ‘diagnosis’. All of those examples have undergone the changes in their part of speeches by deleting the actual affixes.

7. Conversion

Conversion is a process of forming words without changing the form of input word that function as base. The base might be in a noun or verb form Katamba, 1993, p. 54. By converting, people change the function of a word without changing its form. For example is ‘emails’ as a noun he received your emails. and ‘emails’ as verb he emails you several times.. From those examples, there is a difference in the word’s part of speech and word’s function although there is no change in the word base.

8. Derivation