Review of Related Literature

10

a. Theory of Pragmatics

A clear definition of pragmatics is stated by Dynel 2011,‖Pragmatic is a field of linguistic that is addressing communicative process as developed by its users and its relation to language form related to the cognitive and socio cultural study of language use. Since the main focus in this study is conversation of a movie which has two different languages in its subtitle, the general theory of pragmatics becomes the major theory to help the writer in this study. In order to make a good conversation, there are certain rules to follow. By obeying the rules, one can conduct and deliver the right information in an effective and efficient use of language. Just as Grice 1989 stated,‖ make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.‖ Grice 1989 also stated that in cooperative principle, there are four categories known as Maxims of Conversation. These categories are Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Quality, Maxim of Manner, and Maxim of Relevance Maxim of quantity is all about the amount of information given by the speaker. Based on that, this maxim has to different possibilities: 1 information given is less than it‘s needed, and 2 the information given should be informative as possible. Maxim of quality is to ensure that the speaker has given the right information to the audience. Under this maxim there are two conditions to fulfill in order to make 11 a good conversation: 1 the speaker must not lie, and 2 the speaker must have evidence to back up his talks In maxim of manner, it is important to be perspicuous or easy to understand. There are various maxim beneath this, as Grice mentioned: 1 avoid obscurity expression, 2 avoid ambiguity, 3 be brief, and 4 be orderly This paper talks about English swear words and its translation product in Indonesia. So, it is only natural that most of the either swear word contain those maxim, and quite possibly, the violation as well. However, the problem in this paper does not mention anything about the correlation between swear words and those maxims. So, the writer only focuses on the acceptability of the swear words translation.

b. An Overview of Swear Words

Speech act is an important part to construct a conversation. Swear words, however, has shown a great deal of contribution to nowadays language varieties. As a part of speech mode, swear words, though it seems to be an inappropriate, rude and offensive language, serves certain purposes. Jay 2009 draws a concept of swear word by analogy with a horn of a car. Saying that swearing is like using the horn of a car, he indicates that swear word is some kind of warning from one to other people around that one wants to signify hisher emotion like anger, frustration, joy, excitement and surprise. 12 In 2005, an American journalist Natalie Angrier wrote an article about swearing and cursing language; Cursing is a normal function of human language, experts say . In that article she stated that swearing and cursing perform certain social and psychological function, and utilize particular linguistic and neurological mechanism. Based on her article, swearing has some limitation in terms of use to some group of people. Psychologically speaking, men tended to swear more than women do, unless said women are in a sorority, for there is a tendency of men lacking in anger management technique Grohol, 2009. The frequency of a person to swear is also affected by the kind of job heshe has. Angrier 2005 argued that university provosts swear more than librarians or the staff members of the university day care center. It simply said that people who work in the field and have more encounter with another people might enclose swearing in their speech. On the contrary, people who work behind desk may have better manner and will pay a lot of attention in deliberating their speech. Angrier 2005 noted that Swearing is a widespread but perhaps underappreciated anger management technique; that men generally curse more than women, and that university provosts swear more than librarians or the staff members of the university day care center and that linguistic research has shown that the physiological reactions of individuals who are proud of their education are similar between exposure to obscene words and exposure to bad grammar. 13 According to Keating 2006 the fact that swearing is a part of everyday life means that we need to navigate a way through a day in the office without offending anyone, while still appreciating that people do swear .‖ In the work place, people will find it odd if one swears to address others whom one hardly knows. Farther, Keating 2006 adds that the site stresses that swearing is, in general, more problematic in asymmetric situations, such as in the presence of senior management or clients. Regarding to this matter, people are more comfortable and are more likely to use technical terms for sexual references in mixed crowds, and to reserve the taboo words for same sex crowds or with their sexual partner ‗damnit will be more preferable than ‗fuck‘ Jay, 2009. In short, they feel more apt to use less offensive terms which might resulted in recrimination situation. The writers from Keele University, Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston 2009 revealed a more positive point of view in sighting swear words. They found that this offensive language is not merely to express emotions or just simply to communicate but instead, to relieve physical pain. Stephens 2009 said I would advise people, if they hurt themselves, to swear Another writer who investigated swear words is Dr. John Grohol 2009. He mentioned that ―Swear words can also be used in a more positive manner, in the form of jokes and humor, sex talk, storytelling, self-deprecation or even social commentary ‖. Thus, it can be concluded that it is not always negative, not deliberate action, but implicitly establish succinct excitement, for example ―this movie is 14 fucking terrific‖ It can be simpler just by saying ―this movie is terrific‖, but according to Grohol 2009 ―the addition of the swear word emphasizes the emotional reaction we have toward it — and easily conveys that emotional reaction to others.‖ Even sometimes, swear word can be used praise someone though it may sound ironic EXCERPT 2.1 The conversation below was taken from the script of Expendable 2 A group of mercenary; Gunner, Caesar, Toll Road and Billy “The Kid” are sitting together in a pub. Christmas Lee, his girlfriend and Barney sit at different table, then Barney leaves and joins Gunner and the rest. Caesar : Look who‘s lost in space Gunner : talk to Barney got any pen? Barney takes out the pen with skull carved on it Christmas Lee : Hey, you got anything that doesn‘t have skulls on it? Barney : As a matter of fact, I don‘t Give the pen to Gunner Gunner writes some formula on a paper Gunner : Einstein‘s theory of spatial relativity. But we have made it better he uses the paper to wipe his snot Barney : Believe it or not before Gunner became chemically unbalanced he went to MIT and had a Master degree in chemical engineering. Toll Road : This idiot actually had a brain, can you believe that? Si bodoh ini sesungguhnya pintar, kau percaya itu? 2. Translation of Swear Words Translating swear words or cursing or rude word or even insult, is not a simple matter. There are things to reconsider before transferring swear word from one language or source language SL to designated target language TL. According to Robert Vanderplank 2007, ―Listening out for insults and curses may provide us with as many insights into the local culture as observing local manners and customs. ‖ 15 Things like cultural and social background, politeness, etiquette, morality, etc. are the biggest obstacle in producing an ideal and acceptable swear words translation. Yet, the biggest challenge in translating swear word is to maintain the meaning and also to stimulate the very same expression from SL to TL. In translation, there are several methods that can be used, and some of them are pretty easy to use. Such as the 8 translation methods in V diagram by Newmark 1988. SL emphasis TL emphasis Word for word translation Adaptation Literal translation Free translation Faithful translation Idiomatic translation Semantic translation communicative translation However, in translating swear words, translators frequently used their instinct rather than using the guideline when dealing with problems, especially in translation cultural matter. It is truly a challenge for any translator, because their job is to deliver a message from SL to TL without degenerate the meaning, so that the TL audiences can feel the same sense and emotion as the SL audiences do. The success rate of a translation product is varied, depends on the audiences perception and understanding. Despite that, Larson 1984 proposed criteria of an ideal translation. - Accurate A : reproducing the same meaning and maintaining the message of conversation from SL to TL. - Natural N : using natural expressions with appropriate kind of texts occurs in 16 TL - Clear C : expressing all aspects in acceptable forms and clear meanings, so that it is understandable for TL audiences. 3. Audio Visual Translation AVT Due to the rapid development of technology, it is also going along with the revolution of the translation means. As it is, the translation materials is not limited in textual or written text, but it brought up to a new level; audio visual materials. The materials include speech, TV shows, sitcoms, movies, interviews, advertisement and many others. There are much more viewers of cinematic production than translated books readers, thus, AVT can successfully convey very strong message which may have everlasting effect on receivers Alabbasi, 2009. According to Orero 2004: AVT will encompass all translation – or multisemiotic transfer – for production and postproduction in any media or format, and also the new areas of media accessibility: subtitling for the deaf ans the hard of hearing and audio description for the blind and the visually impaired. p. viii

a. Subtitling

Alabbasi 2009 stated that ―subtitling is a process of transferring the meaning of a piece of speech in a movie or TV series by means of written translation usually, placed at the bottom of screen. ‖ The product of subtitling process is called subtitle. 17 According to Thompson 2000 is ―texts read by viewer while they are disengage to some degree from both the visual and audio of a film The art of translating is quite challenging. There are at least three factors that needs more attention to pay. First, the effectiveness of language use without changing the meaning of message. In translating from a subtitle, diction is important. Second, the length of the text. Ideally, subtitle only takes two line for each frame or screen. The translators must be able to make the translation product as brief as possible. Third is the timing. It requires a translator ‘s ability to show the text long enough before the conversation change. Hence, the effectiveness and the length of the text cannot be ignored. According to Baker 2001:245 four elements of the subtitled film or TV shows shall be taken into consideration simultaneously 1. Verbal auditory channel, including dialogue, background voices, and sometime lyric 2. Non - verbal auditory channel, music, natural sound, sound effect 3. Verbal visual channel, superimposed titles, and written signs 4. Non - verbal visual channel, picture composition and flow Alabbasi noted that the first element, the verbal auditory content is the most important because it covers the spoken message regardless of how this message is delivered There are two major type of subtitling based on Alabbasi 2009, which each one is intended to reach certain objective 1. Intra lingual Subtitling 18 This type of subtitling takes place within the same language whereby the spoken form is the original and the written form is the translated or transferred version. This intra lingual subtitling targets the deaf and those with hearing problems and the beginner learners of the spoken language to improve their communication skills, composition, spelling, and style 2. Inter lingual subtitling Subtitling here is carried out between two diversified languages, the first one is spoken and the second is written. The translator transferred speech in one language to writing in another and changes both mode and language

b. Dubbing

Alabbasi 2009 explained ―The dubbed movie or TV series may look like the original and all viewers both literate, illiterate and children can understand and enjoy watching them. According to Orero 2004, it is more complex than subtitling, since dubbing requires many factors to be considered such as: lip, kinetic and isochronic synchrony into the bargain. The dubbed also need to follow a close track of the timing, lip movement and the vocal expression.

B. Interpretation of the Finding

In this section, the writer discusses the research finding used to answer the problem formulated about the acceptability of swear words translation in Indonesian 19 subtitle found in Crank 2: High Voltage. The data were taken by comparing two subtitles of the movie Crank 2: High Voltage. English and Indonesian subtitle. The result of this research is gained by measuring the acceptability of the data using the theory of ideal translation from Larson 1984. Based on this theory, a translation product worthy named as an ideal translation if the product possess the three categories: - Accurate A : reproducing the same meaning and maintaining the message of conversation from SL to TL. - Natural N : using natural expressions with appropriate kind of texts occurs in TL - Clear C : expressing all aspects in acceptable forms and clear meanings, so that it is understandable for TL audiences. After identifying the subtitles, they are categorized. Larson 1984 also proposed a set of categorization to classify the translation products. If a translation meets all the category A, N, and C it is both Ideal and Acceptable I-Acc. If it has two out of the three category it is categorized as Acceptable Acc. If it only possess one out of the three either it‘s A, or N or C it is considered as Unacceptable Uncc. Then, if a translation possessing none of the criteria, thus it is Failed F. The following table shows the result of the calculation