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relationship to an observed phenomenon. In this study, the independent variable is the process approach.
3.2.2 Dependent Variable
Dependent variable is a response variable or output. Tuckman 1978:59 states dependent variable is that factor which is observed and measured to
determine the effect of the independent variable, that is, that factor that appears, disappears, or varies as the experimenter introduces, removes or varies the
independent variable. The dependent variable in this study is teaching descriptive text to the year eighth students of SMP N 1 Rembang, Purbalingga.
3.3 Research Design
Research begins with ideas and concepts that are related to one another through hypotheses, that is, expected or anticipated relationships. These
expectations are then tested by transforming or operationalizing the ideas and concepts into procedures for the collection of data. Result or finding s based on
these data are then interpreted and extended by converting them into new concepts.
Nunan 1992:1, defines that research is:
About inquiry. It has two components: process and product. The process is about an area of inquiry and how it is pursued. The product is the knowledge
generated from the process as well as the initial area to be presented.
A process which involves a defining a problem, b stating an objective, and c formulating a hypothesis. It involves gathering information,
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classification, analysis, and interpretation to see to what extent the initial objective has been achieved.
Undertaking structured investigation which hopefully results in greater
understanding of the chosen interest area. Ultimately, this investigation becomes accessible to the ‘public’.
An activity which analyses and critically evaluates some problem.
To collect and analyse the data in a specific field with the purpose of
proving your theory.
Evaluation, asking questions, investigations, analysis, confirming hypotheses, overview, gathering, and analysing data in a specific field
according to certain predetermined methods.
Research is carried out in order to:
Get a result with scientific methods objectively, not subjectively.
Solve the problems; verify the application of theories, and lead on to new insights.
Enlighten both researcher and any interested readers.
Provedisapprove new or existing ideas, to characterise phenomena i.e., the
language characteristics of a particular population, and to achieve personal and community aims. That is, to satisfy the individual’s quest but also to
improve community welfare.
Prove or disapprove, demystify, carry out what is planned, to support the point of view, to uncover what is not known, satisfy inquiry. To discover the
cause of a problem, to find the solution to a problem, etc.
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Nunan 1992:2, states that research is systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or components: 1 a question, problem, or
hypothesis, 2 data, 3 analysis and interpretation of data. Before doing the research of this study, I should analyze the appropriate
technique to conduct it. Then, I choose the experimental research to conduct this study. An experimental involves the comparison of the effects of a particular
treatment with that of a different treatment or no treatment. In a simple conventional experiment reference is usually made to an experimental group and
to a control group. In other words, an experimental research tries to observe the cause –and-effect relation. Comparing one or more experiment groups who get a
treatment with one or more control groups who do not get any treatment is the way to conduct experimental research Best, 1981:57 adds that experimental
research provides a systematic and logical method for answering the question, if this done under carefully controlled conditions, what will happen? While Nunan
defines experiments are designed to collect data in such a way that threat to the reliability and validity of the research are ministered Nunan, 1992:47.
In this research, I try to arise a condition or situation and then he tries to find out the effect. In other words, experiment is a way to find out the cause and
effect relation between two factors that are intentionally aroused by the researcher by eliminating or decreasing or separating out the factors that may disturb. An
experiment is conducted in order to know the effect of treatment. Basically, the strategies and steps in conducting experimental research are
similar to the strategies and steps in conducting research in general. The steps are:
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1 Reading literature sources to get the problems of the research.
2 Identifying and stating the problems.
3 Determining the limitation of terms and variable, hypothesis, and
supported theory. 4
Arranging the plan of the experiment. 5
Conducting the experiment. 6
Choosing the appropriate data that can represent the experimental group and the control group.
7 Finding out the significant relation to get the result of the experiment
using the appropriate technique. Research design is the blueprint of the procedures that enable the
researcher to test hypothesis by reaching valid conclusion about relationships between independent and dependent variable.
In the research, I am going to teach two groups. They are experimental group and control group. At the beginning of the experiment, the two groups will
be given a same pre-test. The next step, the experimental group is going to be taught by using process approach. There are three stages in teaching writing using
process approach, they are pre-writing stage, writing stage, and post-writing stage. In pre-writing stage, the students choose the topic, and then start free writing. The
next step in pre-writing stage is brainstorming. In writing stage, the students make a draft in an outline. An outline was a formal plan for a paragraph. Each outline
should have contained a topic sentence, main supporting points, and supporting details. In post-writing stage, what students have to do is revise their draft. First,
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the students do the proofreading for possible errors in grammar, sentence structure, spelling, and punctuation. After rereading the second draft, finally the
sstudents write the final copy to hand in. The control group is going to be taught by using conventional method. In conventional method, I teach the control group
using explanation, without the three stages in the process approach. At the end of the experiment, both of groups will be given a same post-test.
The design of the experiment can be described as follows:
E O
1
X O
2
C O
3
O
4
Where: E : experimental group,
C : control group, O
1
: pre-test for the experimental group, O
2
: post-test for the experimental group, O
3
: pre-test for the control group, O
4
: post-test for the control group, and X : treatment with process approach.
As can be seen from the diagram, two groups are employed in this design; one group, the experimental group, receives a treatment X, while the second
group, the control group; does not. Both group are given a pre-test and post-test Tuckman, 1978:131-2. The quality of the subject is checked by giving them the
pre-test O
1
and O
3
, then the experimental treatment will be performed to the experimental group, while the control group will be taught without process
approach. The test consisted of one part, it is an essay test. The result of the test O
2
and O
4
will be computed statically.
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3.4 Instrument of the Study
Kategori