3. Participants
The main subjects of this research were the students of class VIII B of SMPN 2 Srandakan in the academic year of 20142015. There are 26
students in the classroom, consisting of 15 male students and 11 female students.
C. Data Collection
1. Types of the data
The data obtained from the research are in the form of qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data were obtained by interviewing the
students and the collaborators and observing the English teaching and learning process in the class. The data were in the form of the transcripts
of the interview, observation checklist, and photographs. Meanwhile, the quantitative data were obtained from the series of writing tests given to the
students during the research. The data were in the form of scores of the tests which were obtained from the pre-test to the post-test.
2. Data Collection technique
As what has been stated before, the qualitative data were obtained through observation and interviews.
a. Classroom observation
The classroom observation was conducted by the researcher before the implementation of the research to get information about the
students‟ and the teacher‟s behaviours during the English teaching and learning process. In addition, the first collaborator also conducted
classroom observations during the implementation of the research when the researcher replaced the English teacher teaching in the class.
b. Interview
The interview was conducted between the researcher and the students, and the collaborators of this research. The interview was
performed to know about the problems that happened in the teaching and learning process, the opinions of the implementation, and the
opinions of the progress of the students. In addition, it was done to look for the solution and suggestion for the next action.
On the other hand, the quantitative data were obtained from the pretest, the posttest, and the result of both tests were scored by using
writing scoring rubric that included the aspects of content, organization, vocabulary, grammar, and mechanics.
3. The instruments of the data collection
In this research, there were several instruments used by the researcher in documenting the teaching and learning process. They consist
of:
a. Interview guidelines
It was used to help the researcher to explore the collaborator‟s
and the students‟ view point toward the implementation of the
research. It enabled the researcher to do the interview in a sequenced order.
b. Observation checklists
It was used to make sure that the researcher did as what has been planned before. In addition, the observation checklist was used
to record the students ‟ behaviour and the classroom condition in every
meeting during the implementation of the strategy so that it can be used to know the improvements of the students.
c. Writing tests
These writing tests consisted of a pre-test and a post-test. The pre-test was given to the students before the implementation of the
action, while the post-test was given after the implementation of the action. They were
used to measure the students‟ progress in writing.
4. The techniques of the data analysis
In this research, the data analysis technique used by the researcher was adapted from Burns 2010: 104-105. The following are the steps of
the data analysis technique:
1. Assembling the data
In this step, the researcher collected all the data and then looked for broad patterns that seem to answer the research questions.
2. Coding the data
Based on the broad picture developed, the data were then refined into more specific patterns or categories.
3. Comparing the data
After completing coding the data, the patterns or categories were compared to see whether they say the same thing or not.
4. Building meanings and interpretations
In this step, the data were interpreted through reflecting beyond the immediate surface details to make an explanation about the meanings
of the research.
5. Reporting the outcomes
The last step of the analysis was considering how the result of the research would be organized in the presentation.
D. Validity and Reliability
There are five validity criteria that can ensure data validity of this action research. The five validity criteria are democratic validity, outcome
validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity Burns 1999:161.
1. Democratic validity
The research can be said as valid if the research includes the participants to give their opinions, ideas and comments about the
implication of the research. It was obtained from the interviews done by the researcher and the participants. The participants included the
students and the collaborators of the research. The democratic validity in this research was obtained from the interviews done between the
researcher and the participants. The participants share their opinion and their perspective about the implementation of the action.
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