Berkaitan dengan kegiatan ekonomi, kecanggihan teknologi Dan pola kepemilikan.
3 sektor kegiatan ekonomi meliputi :
1. Sektor primer, terdiri dari pertanian, kehutanan, eksplorasi mineral
2. Sektor Industri terdiri dari industri manufaktur dan
3. Sektor Jasa terdiri dari jasa transpotasi, keuangan, asuransi dan related industries.
Criteria for quantifying Political Risk Major Area
Political and Economic environment
Domestic economic Conditions
External Economic Relation
Criteria
1. Kestabilan sistem politik
2. Konflik internal
3. Ancaman thdp kestab.dunia luar
4. Tingkat pengendalian sistem ekonomi
5. Jaminan kelembagaan
6. Efektivitas administrasi umum
7. Hubungan perburuhan dan kedamaian sosial
8. Jumlah penduduk
9. Income per capita
10. Pertumbuhan ekonomi selama 5 thn terakhir 11. Prospek pertumbuhan 3 thn kedepan
12. Inflasi 2 thn terakhir 13. Ktersediaan high-quality tenaga kerja lokal
14. Kemungkinan memberi kesemptn kerja t.k asing 15. Ketersediaan sumber energi
16. Legalitas perlindungan lingkungan 17. Traffic system and communication
18. Batasan impor 19. Batasan ekspor
20. Batasan investasi asing dlm negri 21. Kebebasan membuat partneship
22. Perlindungan legal akan brand and product 23. Batasan transfer keuangan
Score Min max
3 14
14 12
5 9
2 12
3 12
3 15 4
8 2 10
2 7
3 10 2 10
2 8
2 8 2 14
4 8 2 14
2
10 2
10 3
9 3
9 4
9 2 8
Ada 2 pendekatan : •Relative Bargaining Power
Perusahaan bekerja untuk memperoleh posisi bargaining yang lebih kuat di host country.
High
Low
B A
R G
A I
N N
G
P O
W E
R
Initial investment
Time
•
A
•
C
•
E
. B
D
Subsidiary’s bargaining power
Host nation’s Bargaining power
Integrative Technique dirancang untuk membantu Operasi overseas menjadi bagian dari infrastruktur
Host country, meliputi :
1 Membangun hubungan baik dg pemerintah dan kelompok politik lokal
2 Memproduksi sebanyak mungkin produk dg menggunakan supplier dan subkontraktor lokal
shg menjadi produk domestik. 3 Membangun joint venture dan rekrut tenaga lokal
4 Lakukan sebanyak mungkin RD lokal 5 Membangun hubungan manajemen tenaga kerja
yang efektif.
MANAGING INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATION
Definisi
Negotiation is the process of bargaining with one or more parties for the purpose of arrive at a solution
that is acceptable to all. Hodgetts and Luthans, 168
Negotiation is a process in which two or more parties who
have both common interest and conflicting interest put forth and discuss explicit
proposals concerning specific terms of a possible agreement.. Gordon
Ada beberapa langkah dasar yang dapat digunakan dalam Proses memenaj negosiasi.
Langkah-Langkah Negosiasi Hodget-Luthans,169
• Planning 1. Setting of limits on single point objective
2. Dividing issues into short and long-term concideration and deciding how to
handle each. 3. Determining the sequence in which to discuss
the various issues.
• Interpersonal Relationship Building
• Exchanging task-Related Information
• Persuasion The success of persuasion step often depends on :
1 how well the parties understand each other’s positions. 2 the ability of each to identify areas similarity and
differences. 3 the ability to create new options and
4 the willingness to work toward a solution that allows all parties to walk away that they have achieved their
objectives.
• Agreement The final phase of negotiations is the granting of
concessions and the hammering out of a final agreement .
Agreement depends on cultural differences
Four Basic Steps Gordon : 1. Preparation
• Mengupulkan informasi ttg pihak lain, barang
jasa yang diminta. • Menetapkan target keputusan secara detail
yang dibutuhkan.
2. Evaluation Of Alternatives • Setiap pihak mencoba mengidentifikasi
wilayah tawar bargaining range ttg kemungkinan
apa yang dapat memuaskan kedua belah pihak.
• Setiap pihak juga menentukan alternatif apa yang
dapat disediakan untuk pihak alain apabila perjanjian kesepakatan tidak dapat
dicapai.
Submissive passive behaviour
backing down complaint reluctant to impose yourself yielding
accomodating unreststing
Aggressive Behaviour
Violent forcefull fighting quarell some
exerting pressure pregnacions
Assertive Behaviour
not trying to dominate insistent to positive
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF NEGOTIATIONS
1. DISTRIBUTIVES
