11 and curricular standards may present challenges to teachers in enacting their
beliefs in practice Fives Gill, 2015, p. 78. However, Fives and Gill 2015, state that the influence of those external factors depend on the type of policy, the
teachers’ role in the political context, and teachers’ individual perceptions p. 78.
2. Classroom Management
Classroom management is an essential term in teaching-learning activity. Iverson 2003 defines classroom man
agement as “the act of supervising relationships, behaviors, and instructional settings and lessons for communities of
learners” as cited in Hall, et al., 2014, p. 354. Burden and Byrd 2010 state that classroom management involves teacher actions in order to create positive social
interaction, active engagement, and motivation during the learning process p. 218. Cooper, et al., 2011 define classroom management as all of teacher actions
to create respectful, caring, orderly, and productive learning environment p. 217. According to Evertson and Edmund 2013, classroom management is a wide
concept including teacher’s strategies to guide student behavior in the classroom p. 1. There will be complex activities in relation to classroom management. It is
because classroom management is covering both planning and interactive aspects Evertson Edmund, 2013, p. 1.
Planning aspects include tasks as organizing physical space of the classroom, identifying expectations for students’ behavior, arranging
consequences to discourage inappropriate behavior, and organizing instructional activities to promote student involvement and engagement Evertson Edmund,
12 2013, p. 1. Moreover, classroom management also covers interactive aspects
such as monitoring and interacting with students, providing support and feedback, intervening to redirect student behavior, and working with students to stimulate
interest, involvement, and cooperation Evertson Edmund, 2013, p. 1.
There are many aspects related to classroom management, such as time management, physical design, lesson plans, rules and procedures, teaching
strategies, teacher-student relationship, teaching materials, teaching methods, discipline, engagement, motivation, classroom instructions, teaching media. In
this study, the researcher focuses on four aspects of classroom management. Those aspects are physical design, rules and procedures, teacher-student
relationship, and discipline.
a. Physical Design
Physical design of the classroom holds an important role achieving an effective teaching-learning process. According to Garrett 2014, the physical
design is the location of the classroom furniture. The physical design lies in how the classroom is laid out, where the
students’ desks are, where the teacher’s desk is, where learning centers and materials are located, where heavily used items such as the pencil
sharpeners are, and so on p. 3. Cooper, et al., 2011 mention that the physical design of the classroom
affects the atmosphere of the classroom p. 222. They add that the physical setting of the classroom can influence the way teachers and students feel, think,
and behave p. 222. When teachers and students feel comfortable, the teaching- learning activity will be more effective. An effective teacher should be able to
