Theories of Phenomenology The Lived experience

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CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of review of related literatures and the findings as well as the interpretation of the findings. In the review of the related literatures, the researcher focuses on the theories that support this research. The theories are theories of phenomenology, theories of the lived experience, theories of motivation, theories type of lived experience, and theories of pedagogy themes.

A. Theories on the Lived Experience

In this research, the researcher attempts to present some theories on the lived experience that support this research.

1. Theories of Phenomenology

Experience is seen as a phenomenological process . “ Phenomenology is the study of the lifeworld, the world as we immediately experience it pre- reflectively rather than as we conceptualize, categorize, or reflect on it ” Husserl, 1970b; Schutz Luckmann, 1973. Indeed, if there is one word that most aptly characterizes phenomenology itself, then this word is “thoughtfulness.” In the works of the great phenomenologists, thoughtfulness is described as a minding, a heeding, a caring attunement. A heedful mindful wondering about the project of life, of living, of what it means to live a life Heidegger, 1962. Straus 1966 suggested that “Phenomenological human science to, sponsors a certain concept of progress. It is the progress of humanizing human life and humanizing human instutions to help human beings to become increasingly thoughtful and thus better prepared to act tactfully in situations”. It means that the lived experience energizes someone to do something, for example a student has low English competence but with someone ’s support to this student she can improve hisher English language competence. Phenomenological research is a human science which studies persons. In the research terminology one often uses “ subjects” or “ individuals” to refer to the persons invo lved in one’s study Van Manen 1967. According to Merleau-Ponty 1962, phenomenology is the systematic attempt to uncover and describe the structures, and the internal meaning of lived experience.” Phenomenological research is used to explain about the lived experience in human science. In this case, the phenemenology or the lived experience can be analyzed deeply.

2. The Lived experience

The lived experience is an important phenomenological human science. Phenomenological human inquiry begins in lived experience and eventually turns back to it Van Manen, 1975. The most basic form of lived experience involves our immediate, pre-reflective consciousness of life: a reflective or self-given awaraness which is as awaraness of itself Dilthey, 1989. A lived experience does not confront me as something perceived or represented; it is not given to me, but the reality of lived experience is there-for-me because I have a reflexive awarness of it, because I possess it immediately as a belonging to me in some sense. Only in thought does it become objective” p. 223. The lived experience is the starting point and end point of phenomenological research. The aims of phenomenology is to transform lived experience into a textual expression of its essence – in such a way that the effect of the text is at once a reflexive re-living and a reflective appropriation of something meaningful: a notion by which a reader is powerfully animated in his or her own lived experience Merleau-Ponty, 1968. “Lived experience itself seems to have a linguistic structure. Experience and unconsciousness are structured like a language, and therefore one could speak of all experience, all human interactions, as some kind of text Ricoeur, 1981.” Covey 1989 states , When you’re proactive, you don’t deny that genetics, up bringing, and environment make a difference. But you see them as influences only. A proactive person exercises free will, the freedom to choose the response that best applies to your values. In that way, you gain control of your circumstances, rather than being controlled by them p. 7 . In this study, the researcher use the lived experience. The lived experiences gather hermeneutic significance as we reflectively gather them by giving memory to them. Through meditations, conversations, day dreams, inspirations, and other interpretive act we assign meaning to the phenomena of lived life. Through this research the lived experience unseparated from motivations, because of the character’s motivation can be analyzed intense. This lived experience theories are necessary in this study, because the researcher analyzed the past lived experience and during the study of Papuan students, that the researcher reflect it in previous schooling and during the study period at the English language education study program.

3. Theory of motivation