38 experienced in designing materials. The table below represented the description of
the participants.
Table 3.1 The Description of the Participants
Respondents ∑
Educational Background
Teaching Experiences Year
S1 S2
S3 0-10
10-20 20
Lecturers English Teacher
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
In conducting the research, the researcher used two kinds of instruments, namely questionnaire and interview. Those instruments were done before and
after designing the materials. By conducting the questionnaire and interview, the researcher got clearer and deeper information related to the materials and the
specification. Later, the materials would be designed based on the information. The instruments that were used in Research and Information Collecting
and Evaluation described as follows. 1.
Research and Information Collecting There were two instruments used in the Research and Information
Collecting, namely questionnaire and interview. a.
Questionnaire The first instrument used by the researcher was questionnaire. According
to Gall, Gall, and Borg 2007, “Questionnaires are printed forms that ask the
same questions of all individuals in the sample and for which respondents record their answers in verbal form” p. 228. The questionnaire was written in
39 Indonesian language in order to avoid misunderstanding of the students. Thus,
from the questionnaire the writer obtained information needed. There are two kinds of questionnaire; closed form and open form. The first
one was closed form questionnaire. It is a kind of questionnaire that provide for marking a yes or no, a short response, or closed-form type. Closed form
questionnaire is easy to fill out and only took a little time. The respondents only need to cross, tick or circle the answer that closely represented their viewpoint;
usually for yes or no answer. The second was open form questionnaire. It asks the respondents to give their free responses in their own words. Open form
questionnaire provides for greater depth of response. The researcher used closed- ended questions in this study, so that the answers were easier to be calculated and
appropriate to the researcher‟s standard
In this study, the questionnaire was aimed to collect data of the students‟
needs in learning English especially in reading and writing skills. Thus, the researcher could design the materials based on the students‟ needs. In order to
know about the students‟ difficulties in working on the materials in SAC and the activities they wanted, the researcher asked about the students‟ opinion on the
materials in SAC. b.
Interview The second instrument used by the researcher was interview. In short,
interview is an oral questionnaire. Interview can be defined as “A process in which a researcher and participant engage in a conversation focused on questions
related to a research study” DeMarrais. 2004 cited in Merriam. 2009: 87. Some
40 respondents might be reluctant to write something in the writing so the
information given was not clear. According to Best 1987, “Instead of writing the
response, the subject or interviewee gives the needed information verbally in a face-to-
face relationship” p. 164. From the face-to-face conversation the writer could explain clearly the purpose of the study and obtain deeper information from
the interviewee. Based on the amount of structure desired, there are three kinds of
interviews; highly structured, semi-structured and unstructuredinformal. This study applied unstructured interview which done informally. In unstructured
interview the interviewer mostly used open-ended question. Thus, the interviewer could gain deeper information from the interviewees.
The interviewees were an English teacher at SMK Negeri 2 Depok and one student of each class that had been observed by the researcher. The questions were
basically about their opinion on the activities and materials in Self-Access Center and also about the students‟ needs and characteristics. Thus, the aim of the
interviews was to gain deeper information related to the materials for SAC in order to design appropriate materials.
2. Instrument for Evaluation
In this section the researcher used questionnaire as the instrument. It was distributed to an English teacher of SMK Negeri 2 Depok and two lecturers of the
English language education study program at Sanata Dharma University after designing the integrated reading and writing materials. This questionnaire was
aimed to get the evaluation and suggestions on the designed materials. Thus, the
41 researcher would produce appropriate materials design based on the suggestions
given. In gathering data, the researcher used two kinds of instrument;
questionnaire and interview. Based on the research and information collecting step of RD, firstly, the researcher distributed the questionnaire to the tenth grade
students of SMK Negeri 2 Depok and conducted interview with an English teacher of SMK Negeri 2 Depok.
In order to obtain the data about the students‟ needs and interests, the researcher distributed the first questionnaire to 128 tenth grade
students of SMK Negeri 2 Depok who had ever joined Self- Access Center SAC. Then, the researcher randomly chose one students of each class to gain deeper
information related to their opinion of SAC and its materials. Afterwards, the researcher conducted an interview with the English teacher to gain data about the
designed material for Self-Access Center. Therefore, the researcher could produce designed materials which were appropriate based on the result of the interviews
with the English teacher and the students. After designing the materials, the researcher distributed the second questionnaire to the English teacher of SMK
Negeri 2 Depok and two lecturers of the English Language Education Study Program at Sanata Dharma University. The purpose of the questionnaire was to
get feedback on the designed materials in the form of opinions and suggestions. Based on the feedback, the researcher made revision and improvement of the
materials design.
42
E. Data Analysis Techniques
