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employs the example that has been illustrated by Katamba 1993: 17 in the sentence as follows:
He went to the pub for a pint and then pockled off.
Based on the example, Katamba 1993 provides the description of lexeme. When the readers find the word pockled as an unfamiliar word, they probably look up
in the dictionary under the word pockle instead of pockled. Katamba assumes that they know that pockled is not going to be listed in the dictionary. Furthermore, they
also know that the words pockling and pickles will also exist. Therefore, Katamba 1993 concludes that lexeme is an abstract vocabulary item p. 17. Further, a lexeme
is generally written in its citation form, for instance
BOOK
Aronoff Fudeman, 2011: 43, that is written in the small capital letters. Similar to pockle, the words see, saw,
seen, sees and seeing are the realizations of the lexeme
SEE
. Moreover, regarding this research, the term word and lexeme will be used in the analysis of data and discussion
of the research.
3. Morpheme
In the previous topic discussed, it is stated that morphology is the study on the internal structure of word. Word is occasionally claimed as the smallest unit of
language that cannot be divided into smaller parts, as there are words the, at, desk, which are morphologically simple Katamba, 1993. However, Katamba states that
there are still many English words which are morphologically complex as depicted in the word eats which consists of eat and –s. Therefore, words can still be broken down
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into smaller units. In morphology, the element –s which is attached to the word eats is defined as a morpheme. Unlike the word eats which can be broken down into
smaller parts, the morpheme –s cannot be broken down into smaller parts. Thus, a morpheme is described as “the minimal meaningful element” Spencer, 1991: 5. In
other words, a morpheme is used to describe the smallest unit of language. For instance, according to Spencer’s theory, develop is considered a morpheme in
addition to be a word. In short, morpheme cannot be decomposed into smaller units Spencer, 1991: 5. Further, O’Grady and de Guzman 2011 distinguish morphemes
from the situation that they can stand alone or not into a free morpheme and a bound morpheme. A free morpheme is “a morpheme that can be a word by itself, whereas
the morpheme that must be attached to another element is a bound morpheme” p. 117. The morpheme girl, for example, is a free morpheme since it can stand alone as
a word, but the plural form –s is a bound morpheme. It cannot stand alone; thus, it must be attached to a free morpheme. Moreover, in this study, the definition of
morpheme will be used to refer to the smallest unit that occurs in the analysis of the data.
4. Affix
Morphemes can be distinguished between free morphemes and bound morphemes as stated previously. The bound morphemes, the morphemes that must be
attached to the free morphemes, can be called affixes. According to O’Grady and Dobrovoisky 1989: 94, an affix is “a bound morpheme which not only must be
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bound, but must be bound in a particular position”. Further, Parker 1986: 69 states that an affix is “the more familiar term for the class of bound grammatical
morphemes”. In short, affix is a bound morpheme, meaning that it must be attached to a free form so it can stand as a word. There are two types of affix, namely prefix
and suffix. The classification of affix is based on its occurrences in the base. Prefix is an affix that is attached in front of the base, for example, prefix de- in the word de-
activate. Suffix is an affix attached to the end of the base, such as suffix –er in the worker O’Grady de Guzman, 2011: 120. Affix is involved in the creation of
word, as seen in the affix –er in worker. It is therefore used as a component to identify and analyze the creation of word in the word formation.
5. Root, Stem and Base
