dealt with basic noun Considering that basi
used those two types o data. The types of bas
a. Type 1 Basic
Basic noun ph numerals. Either pro
occurrence of a basic either pronouns or num
a mass noun, a proper written:
1 Pronouns
Leech Svart as a whole noun phra
substitutes or replacem
a Personal pron
1 He, himsel 2 They eat gr
b Possessive pro
3 They prefe 4 We keep o
oun phrases, complex noun phrases would no asic noun phrases are divided into two types
es of basic noun phrases as the guidance to iden asic noun phrases are briefly presented below.
ic Noun Phrase: Pronouns or Numerals
phrases type 1 consists of head only, those a ronouns or numerals are the minimal requi
ic noun phrase. If the noun phrase consists of a numerals, the head must be realized as a plural
per noun or a pronoun. Thus, basic noun phrase
Figure 2.1: Basic Noun Phrases Type 1
artvik 1975 state that pronouns are words wh hrase or as the head of a noun phrase. Many
cements for noun phrases in context p. 275.
ronouns :
self feeds the animals. t grass.
pronouns :
efer hers to yours. ours.
Basic Noun Phrase Type 1 Pronouns or Numerals
17 not be discussed.
es, the researcher entify and classify
e are pronouns or quirement for the
of a head only like al countable noun,
ases type 1 can be
hich can function ny of them act as
18
c Indefinite pronouns
: 5 Someone keeps this farm clean and tidy.
6 Everyone will be happy to see this farm.
d Demonstrative pronouns
: 7 Those are black horses.
8 This is my favorite piglet.
e Interrogative pronouns
: 9 What is a husbandry?
10 Where is the cock?
2 Numerals
According to Quirk et al. 1972, apart from pronouns, numerals including cardinal numbers ‘one’, ‘two’, etc. and ordinal numbers ‘first’, ‘second’, tenth,
last etc. can form basic noun phrases p. 225, as in:
a Cardinal Number
11 Two is better that one.
b Ordinal Number
12 So the last will be first, and the first last.
b. Type 2 Basic Noun Phrase: The Head with Determiners
Type 2 basic noun phrase is comprised of a noun as the head and determiners which occur before head. Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech Svartvik
1990 distinguish determiners into three classes which set up on the basis of their position in the noun phrase in relation to each other; they are predeterminers,
central determiners an can be written:
1 Determiners
a Predetermine
All, both, half
Quirk et al. 1 or demonstratives bu
following ‘quantitati predeterminers have
obligatory with person 13 All of the
Double, twice,
The second ty singular nouns denotin
14 My salary
One-third, two
Leech Svart used with non-counts
PredeterminersCe
and postdeterminers p. 72. Thus, type 2 ba
Figure 2.2: Basic Noun Phrases Type 2
iners alf, etc
1990 state that predeterminers can occur only but, since they are quantifiers, they do not
ative’ determiners: every, some, any, no, ve of-constructions, which are optional w
sonal pronouns p. 75: he horses stand near their pen.
ice, three four… times, etc
type occurs with non-count and plural count n oting number, amount, etc:
ary is double their salaries.
two-fifths, etc
artvik 1975 state that the fraction one-third, tw nts and with singular and plural count noun
Basic Noun Phrase Type 2
Determiners Central DeterminersPostdeterminers
19 basic noun phrase
nly before articles ot occur with the
o, enough. These with nouns and
nt nouns, and with
, two-fifths, etc are ouns. Quirk et al.
Head
20 1972 add that those fractions can also be followed by determiners and have the
alternative of-construction. For instance, 15 He did it in one-third of the time it took me.
b Central Determiners
Articles
According to Quirk et al. 1990, the definite and indefinite articles are the most common central determiners and their distribution is dependent upon the
class of the accompanying noun. Relating definiteness to number, there is the following system for count and non-count nouns:
COUNT NON-COUNT SINGULAR
definite the book
the music indefinite
a book music
PLURAL definite
the books indefinite
books zero article
Beside the sole definite article the, there are two indefinite articles a and zero, the former occurring with singular count nouns, its zero analogue with non-count and
plural count nouns. Both the and a have a different form when the following word begins with a vowel, though the does not display the difference in writing:
The bird [ðə] ~ the owl [ði] A bird [ə] ~ an olw [ən] p. 73
Demonstratives Adjectives
Determiners this and that occur with non-count and singular count nouns while these and those occur with plural count nouns:
16 I prefer this music to that music. 17 These desks are import but those tables are made locally.
21
Possessives
There are five determiners which are called possessive, namely my, our, your, his, her, its, their, etc.
18 I admire her house. 19 Their bodies are so fat.
Quantifiers
Like indefinite article, there are determiners that co-occur only with singular count nouns:
20 We need to interview everyeach student separately. 21 There is no parking permitted on either side of the street.
22 Parking is permitted on neither side of the street. Like zero articles, there are determiners that can co-occur only with non-count and
plural count nouns: 23 I would like some breadsome rolls, please.
24 We haven’t any breadany rolls left.
c Postdeterminers
According to Quirk et al. 1990, postdeterminers take their place immediately after determiners just as predeterminers take their place immediately
before determiners. Postdeterminers fall into two classes p. 77:
Ordinal numerals such as first, second, last, other etc. Quantifiers such as two, ninety, many, few, plenty of, a lot of.
Where they can co-occur, items a usually precede items b; for example: 25 The first two horses are black.
22 26 A black horse is just watching other two horses from their cages.
Among the b items, there are two important distinctions involving few and little. First, few occurs only with plural count nouns, little only with non-count nouns.
Second, when preceded by a, each has a positive meaning; without a, each has negative meaning. Thus:
27 I play a few games ie ‘several’. I play few games ie ‘hardly any’ 28 She ate a little bread ie ‘some’. She ate little bread ie ‘hardly any’
2 Noun Head
A head noun is the most important member which characterizes the basic noun phrase. Therefore, the existence of a head in the basic noun phrase is
obligatory. There are some kinds of nouns which function as the head; they are:
a The countable nouns
: 29 Horses are strong enough to bring some loads.
b The uncountable nouns or mass nouns
: 30 The farm is running out of water.
c The proper nouns
: 31 Smith has a large farm.
3. A Descriptive Text
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