Like a coffee ? Polar Interrogative
I’ll make some toast. Declarative
I’ll turn it up, shall I? Declarative + tag
As we can see, there is no one-to-one correspondence between semantic and grammatical categories. Despite this, we rarely have any trouble distinguishing between
commands and questions: for example, when a mother carrying a load of groceries into the house says to her son, Can you move your gym boots? The context provides an
interpretative frame and only rarely do we misunderstand the speech function of an utterance. This is one reason why we need a theory of language in which context is a
central nation. As Halliday 1994: 95 suggests, “There is rarely any misunderstanding, since the listener operates on the basic principle of all linguistic interaction – the principle
that what the speaker says makes sense in the context in which he is saying it”.
3.3 Residue
Residue of the clause is that part of the clause which is somehow less essential to the arguability of the clause than is the mood component. Just as the Mood element
contained the constituents of Subject and Finite, so the Residue contains a number of functional elements: a predicator, one or more complements, and any number of different
types of adjunct.
3.3.1 Predicator
Halliday 1994:79 says, “The predicator is present in all major clauses, except those where it is displaced through ellipsis”. It is realized by a verbal group minus
temporal or modal operator, which as we have seen functions as Finite in the Mood element. For example: I was waiting for so long.
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I was
waiting for so long
Subject Finite
Predicator adjunct
Mood Residue
The verbal group contains two elements: was waiting. The first part of the verbal group, was, is the finite as it carries the selection for number, tense, polarity etc. the
second verbal element, waiting, tells us what process was actually going on. This element is Predicator. Eggins 2004:155 defines, “Predicator is that it fills the role of the
specifying the actual event, action or process being discussed”. Additionally, Halliday 1994:79 claims, “there are two verbs in English which in simple past and simple present
tense appear as Finite only, without being fused with a distinct element as predicator. These are “be” and “have”. For example:
The city was cruel The city
was cruel
Subject Finite
Complement Mood
Residue I have a dream
I have
a dream Subject
Finite Complement
Mood Residue
3.3.2 Complement
Eggins 2004:157 says, “complement as a non-essential participant in the clause a participant somehow affected by the main argument of proposition”. It is defined as an
element within the residue that has the potential of being subject but is not.
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A complement can get to be subject through the process of making the clause passive. For Example:
Every child creates a skylight Every child
creates a skylight
Subject Finite
Predicator Complement
Mood Residue
A skylight is created by every child A skylight
is creates by every child
Subject Finite
Predicator Complement
Mood Adjunct
3.3.3 Adjunct
Adjunct can be defined as clause element which contribute some additional but non-essential information to the clause. They can be defined as elements which do not
have the potential to become subject. They are not nominal group but are adverbial, or prepositional. For example:
I see a light in the sky I
see a light
in the sky Subject
Finite Predicator
Complement Adjunct
Mood Residue
1 Circumstantial Adjuncts answer the questions ‘how’, ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘why’, ‘about
whatmatter’, ‘to whom’, ‘with whom’, ‘by whom’. For example: Henry ford build his first car in the backyard of his home
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A kindly neighbour moved his coal supply out of his half “In the backyard of his home” and “out of his half” are adjuncts, answering the question
‘where’. The symphony was played badly by an amateur orchestra during a concert Saturday
night at the Performing Arts Centre. “badly” is an Adjunct, answering the question ‘how’.
“by an amateur orchestra” is an Adjunct, answering the question ‘by whom’. “during a concert” and “Saturday night” are Adjuncts, answering the question ‘when’.
“at the Performing Arts Centre” is an Adjunct, answering the question ‘where’. There are several other types of Adjuncts. One of these is centrally relevant to the
analysis of mood. The two which fall outside of Mood structure are Conjunctive Adjuncts and Comment Adjuncts.
2 Conjunctive Adjuncts include items such as ‘for instance’, ‘anyway’, ‘moreover’,
‘meanwhile’, ‘therefore’, ‘nevertheless’. These Conjunctive adjuncts fall outside of analysis of mood. That’s why ‘as’, ‘so as’ and ‘then’ in the following examples are left
unanalyzed.
as the work proceeded so as to give Henry more room
The work proceeded
to give Henry
more room Subject
Fin. Pred.
Pred. Comp.
Comp Mood
Residue Residue
Then, men like ford started to use the production line Men
started to use
the production line Subject
Fin. Pred.
Complement
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Mood Residue
3 Comment Adjuncts express the speaker’s comment on what he or she is saying. It
includes such items as ‘frankly’, ‘apparently’, ‘hopefully’, ‘broadly speaking’, ‘understandably’, ‘to my surprise’. Hence, ‘unfortunately’ in the clause below is shown
as a comment adjunct and ‘however’ as the clause below is shown as a Comment Adjunct but neither fall within the Mood-residue structure. Example:
Unfortunately however they were too late Unfortunately
however they
were too late
Comment Adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct
Subj. Fin.
Comp. Mood
Residue
4 Mood Adjuncts, on the other hand, both express interpersonal meanings and do fall
within Mood structure, more particularly within the Mood element. Mood Adjuncts relate specifically to the meaning of the finite verbal operators, expressing probability, usuality,
obligation, inclination or time. The principal items functioning as Mood adjuncts include the following:
Adjuncts of polarity and modality: a
Polarity : b
Probability
c Usuality
d Readiness
e Obligation
Not, yes, no, so Probably, possibly, certainly, perhaps,
maybe. Usually, sometimes, always, never, ever,
seldom, rarely. Willingly, readily, gladly, certainly,
easily. Definitely, absolutely, possibly, at all
cost, by all means. Adjuncts of temporality :
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f Time :
g Typically
Yet, still, already, once, soon, just Occasionally, generally, regularly,
mainly Adjuncts of mood :
h Obviousness :
i Intensity :
j Degree :
of course, surely, obviously, clearly Just, simply, merely, only, even, actually,
really. Quite, almost, nearly, scarcely, hardly,
absolutely, totally, utterly, entirely, completely.
Thus, in the following, ‘surely’, ‘of course’, and ‘already’ are analyzed a Mood adjuncts and are included in the Mood element:
Surely he wasn’t being serious Mood Adjunct
Subj. Finite
Pred. Complement
Mood Residue
Of course she had already met him Mood Adjunct
Subj. Fin. Mood adjunct
Pred. Complement
Mood Residue
She had already met him of course Subj Fin
Mood Adjunct Pred.
Comple. Mood Adjunct
Residue Mood
Be aware that the same word can function differently in different structural configurations:
She can’t hear clearly on the phone Subj. Finite
Pred. Circumstantial Adjunct Circ. Adjunct
Mood Residue
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Where ‘clearly’ is a Circumstantial adjunct, telling ‘how’. Clearly the man was innocent
Mood Adjunct Subject Finite
Complement Mood
Residue
Here ‘clearly’ is a Mood adjunct, indicating speaker certainty.
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CHAPTER IV AN ANALYSIS
4.1 Presentation of data
